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This
part prescribes the requirements for issuing pilot
school certificates, provisional pilot school
certificates, and associated ratings, and the
general operating rules applicable to a holder of a
certificate or rating issued under this part.
No
person may operate as a certificated pilot school
without, or in violation of, a pilot school
certificate or provisional pilot school certificate
issued under this part.
An
applicant may be issued a pilot school certificate
with associated ratings if the applicant:
(a)
Completes the application for a pilot school
certificate on a form and in a manner prescribed by
the Administrator;
(b)
Holds a provisional pilot school certificate, issued
under this part, for at least 24 calendar months
preceding the month in which the application for a
pilot school certificate is made;
(c)
Meets the applicable requirements of subparts A
through C of this part for the school ratings
sought; and
(d)
Has trained and recommended for pilot certification
and rating tests, within 24 calendar months
preceding the month the application is made for the
pilot school certificate, at least 10 students for a
knowledge or practical test for a pilot certificate,
flight instructor certificate, ground instructor
certificate, an additional rating, an end-of-course
test for a training course specified in appendix K
to this part, or any combination of those tests, and
at least 80 percent of all tests administered were
passed on the first attempt.
An
applicant that meets the applicable requirements of
subparts A, B, and C of this part, but does not meet
the recent training activity requirements of
141.5(d) of this part, may be issued a provisional
pilot school certificate with ratings.
An
applicant is issued examining authority for its
pilot school certificate if the applicant meets the
requirements of subpart D of this part.
(a)
The ratings listed in paragraph (b) of this section
may be issued to an applicant for:
(1)
A pilot school certificate, provided the applicant
meets the requirements of 141.5 of this part; or
(2)
A provisional pilot school certificate, provided the
applicant meets the requirements of 141.7 of this
part.
(b)
An applicant may be authorized to conduct the
following courses:
(1)
Certification and rating courses. (Appendixes
A through J).
(i)
Recreational pilot course.
(ii)
Private pilot course.
(iii) Commercial pilot course.
(iv)
Instrument rating course.
(v)
Airline transport pilot course.
(vi)
Flight instructor course.
(vii) Flight instructor instrument course.
(viii) Ground instructor course.
(ix)
Additional aircraft category or class rating course.
(x)
Aircraft type rating course.
(2)
Special preparation courses. (Appendix K).
(i)
Pilot refresher course.
(ii)
Flight instructor refresher course.
(iii) Ground instructor refresher course.
(iv)
Agricultural aircraft operations course.
(v)
Rotorcraft external-load operations course.
(vi)
Special operations course.
(vii) Test pilot course.
(3)
Pilot ground school course. (Appendix L).
(a)
Application for an original certificate and rating,
an additional rating, or the renewal of a
certificate under this part must be made on a form
and in a manner prescribed by the Administrator.
(b)
Application for the issuance or amendment of a
certificate or rating must be accompanied by two
copies of each proposed training course curriculum
for which approval is sought.
(a)
Unless surrendered, suspended, or revoked, a pilot
school's certificate or a provisional pilot school's
certificate expires:
(1)
On the last day of the 24th calendar month from the
month the certificate was issued;
(2)
Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section,
on the date that any change in ownership of the
school occurs;
(3)
On the date of any change in the facilities upon
which the school's certificate is based occurs; or
(4)
Upon notice by the Administrator that the school has
failed for more than 60 days to maintain the
facilities, aircraft, or personnel required for any
one of the school's approved training courses.
(b)
A change in the ownership of a pilot school or
provisional pilot school does not terminate that
school's certificate if, within 30 days after the
date that any change in ownership of the school
occurs:
(1)
Application is made for an appropriate amendment to
the certificate; and
(2)
No change in the facilities, personnel, or approved
training courses is involved.
(c)
An examining authority issued to the holder of a
pilot school certificate expires on the date that
the pilot school certificate expires, or is
surrendered, suspended, or revoked.
If
the holder of a certificate issued under this part
permits any aircraft owned or leased by that holder
to be engaged in any operation that the certificate
holder knows to be in violation of 91.19(a) of this
chapter, that operation is a basis for suspending or
revoking the certificate.
(a)
Each holder of a pilot school certificate or a
provisional pilot school certificate must display
that certificate in a place in the school that is
normally accessible to the public and is not
obscured.
(b)
A certificate must be made available for inspection
upon request by:
(1)
The Administrator;
(2)
An AFRO-CAA member State, or local law enforcement
officer.
Each
holder of a certificate issued under this part must
allow the Administrator to inspect its personnel,
facilities, equipment, and records to determine the
certificate holder's:
(a)
Eligibility to hold its certificate;
(b)
Compliance with 49 AFRO-CAA member States Aviation
Act as amended; and
(c)
Compliance with the AFRO-CAA Regulations.
141.23 Advertising
limitations.
(a)
The holder of a pilot school certificate or a
provisional pilot school certificate may not make
any statement relating to its certification and
ratings that is false or designed to mislead any
person contemplating enrollment in that school.
(b)
The holder of a pilot school certificate or a
provisional pilot school certificate may not
advertise that the school is certificated unless it
clearly differentiates between courses that have
been approved under part 141 of this chapter and
those that have not been approved under part 141 of
this chapter.
(c)
The holder of a pilot school certificate or a
provisional pilot school certificate must promptly
remove:
(1)
From vacated premises, all signs indicating that the
school was certificated by the Administrator; or
(2)
All indications (including signs), wherever located,
that the school is certificated by the Administrator
when its certificate has expired or has been
surrendered, suspended, or revoked.
(a)
Each holder of a pilot school or a provisional pilot
school certificate must maintain a principal
business office with a mailing address in the name
shown on its certificate.
(b)
The facilities and equipment at the principal
business office must be adequate to maintain the
files and records required to operate the business
of the school.
(c)
The principal business office may not be shared
with, or used by, another pilot school.
(d)
Before changing the location of the principal
business office or the operations base, each
certificate holder must notify the AFRO-CAA Office
having jurisdiction over the area of the new
location, and the notice must be:
(1)
Submitted in writing at least 30 days before the
change of location; and
(2)
Accompanied by any amendments needed for the
certificate holder's approved training course
outline.
(e)
A certificate holder may conduct training at an
operations base other than the one specified in its
certificate, if:
(1)
The Administrator has inspected and approved the
base for use by the certificate holder; and
(2)
The course of training and any needed amendments
have been approved for use at that base.
A
training center certificated under part 142 of this
chapter may provide the training, testing, and
checking for pilot schools certificated under part
141 of this chapter, and is considered to meet the
requirements of part 141, provided—
(a)
There is a training agreement between the
certificated training center and the pilot school;
(b)
The training, testing, and checking provided by the
certificated training center is approved and
conducted under part 142;
(c)
The pilot school certificated under part 141 obtains
the Administrator's approval for a training course
outline that includes the training, testing, and
checking to be conducted under part 141 and the
training, testing, and checking to be conducted
under part 142; and
(d)
Upon completion of the training, testing, and
checking conducted under part 142, a copy of each
student's training record is forwarded to the part
141 school and becomes part of the student's
permanent training record.
(a)
Pilot school. (1) A pilot school may apply
for renewal of its school certificate and ratings
within 30 days preceding the month the pilot
school's certificate expires, provided the school
meets the requirements prescribed in paragraph
(a)(2) of this section for renewal of its
certificate and ratings.
(2)
A pilot school may have its school certificate and
ratings renewed for an additional 24 calendar months
if the Administrator determines the school's
personnel, aircraft, facility and airport, approved
training courses, training records, and recent
training ability and quality meet the requirements
of this part.
(3)
A pilot school that does not meet the renewal
requirements in paragraph (a)(2) of this section,
may apply for a provisional pilot school certificate
if the school meets the requirements of 141.7 of
this part.
(b)
Provisional pilot school. (1) Except as
provided in paragraph (b)(3) of this section, a
provisional pilot school may not have its
provisional pilot school certificate or the ratings
on that certificate renewed.
(2)
A provisional pilot school may apply for a pilot
school certificate and associated ratings provided
that school meets the requirements of 141.5 of this
part.
(3)
A former provisional pilot school may apply for
another provisional pilot school certificate,
provided 180 days have elapsed since its last
provisional pilot school certificate expired.
(a)
This subpart prescribes:
(1)
The personnel and aircraft requirements for a pilot
school certificate or a provisional pilot school
certificate; and
(2)
The facilities that a pilot school or provisional
pilot school must have available on a continuous
basis.
(b)
As used in this subpart, to have continuous use of a
facility, including an airport, the school must
have:
(1)
Ownership of the facility or airport for at least 6
calendar months after the date the application for
initial certification and on the date of renewal of
the school's certificate is made; or
(2)
A written lease agreement for the facility or
airport for at least 6 calendar months after the
date the application for initial certification and
on the date of renewal of the school's certificate
is made.
(a)
An applicant for a pilot school certificate or for a
provisional pilot school certificate must meet the
following personnel requirements:
(1)
Each applicant must have adequate personnel,
including certificated flight instructors,
certificated ground instructors, or holders of a
commercial pilot certificate with a lighter-than-air
rating, and a chief instructor for each approved
course of training who is qualified and competent to
perform the duties to which that instructor is
assigned.
(2)
If the school employs dispatchers, aircraft
handlers, and line and service personnel, then it
must instruct those persons in the procedures and
responsibilities of their employment.
(3)
Each instructor to be used for ground or flight
training must hold a flight instructor certificate,
ground instructor certificate, or commercial pilot
certificate with a lighter-than-air rating, as
appropriate, with ratings for the approved course of
training and any aircraft used in that course.
(b)
An applicant for a pilot school certificate or for a
provisional pilot school certificate must designate
a chief instructor for each of the school's approved
training courses, who must meet the requirements of
141.35 of this part.
(c)
When necessary, an applicant for a pilot school
certificate or for a provisional pilot school
certificate may designate a person to be an
assistant chief instructor for an approved training
course, provided that person meets the requirements
of 141.36 of this part.
(d)
A pilot school and a provisional pilot school may
designate a person to be a check instructor for
conducting student stage checks, end-of-course
tests, and instructor proficiency checks, provided:
(1)
That person meets the requirements of 141.37 of this
part; and
(2)
That school has a student enrollment of at least 50
students at the time designation is sought.
(e)
A person, as listed in this section, may serve in
more than one position for a school, provided that
person is qualified for each position.
(a)
To be eligible for designation as a chief instructor
for a course of training, a person must meet the
following requirements:
(1)
Hold a commercial pilot certificate or an airline
transport pilot certificate, and, except for a chief
instructor for a course of training solely for a
lighter-than-air rating, a current flight instructor
certificate. The certificates must contain the
appropriate aircraft category and class ratings for
the category and class of aircraft used in the
course and an instrument rating, if an instrument
rating is required for enrollment in the course of
training;
(2)
Meet the pilot-in-command recent flight experience
requirements of 61.57 of this chapter;
(3)
Pass a knowledge test on—
(i)
Teaching methods;
(ii)
Applicable provisions of the “Aeronautical
Information Manual”;
(iii) Applicable provisions of parts 61, 91, and 141
of this chapter; and
(iv)
The objectives and approved course completion
standards of the course for which the person seeks
to obtain designation.
(4)
Pass a proficiency test on instructional skills and
ability to train students on the flight procedures
and maneuvers appropriate to the course;
(5)
Except for a course of training for gliders,
balloons, or airships, the chief instructor must
meet the applicable requirements in paragraphs (b),
(c), and (d) of this section; and
(6)
A chief instructor for a course of training for
gliders, balloons or airships is only required to
have 40 percent of the hours required in paragraphs
(b) and (d) of this section.
(b)
For a course of training leading to the issuance of
a recreational or private pilot certificate or
rating, a chief instructor must have:
(1)
At least 1,000 hours as pilot in command; and
(2)
Primary flight training experience, acquired as
either a certificated flight instructor or an
instructor in a military pilot flight training
program, or a combination thereof, consisting of at
least—
(i)
2 years and a total of 500 flight hours; or
(ii)
1,000 flight hours.
(c)
For a course of training leading to the issuance of
an instrument rating or a rating with instrument
privileges, a chief instructor must have:
(1)
At least 100 hours of flight time under actual or
simulated instrument conditions;
(2)
At least 1,000 hours as pilot in command; and
(3)
Instrument flight instructor experience, acquired as
either a certificated flight instructor-instrument
or an instructor in a military pilot flight training
program, or a combination thereof, consisting of at
least—
(i)
2 years and a total of 250 flight hours; or
(ii)
400 flight hours.
(d)
For a course of training other than one leading to
the issuance of a recreational or private pilot
certificate or rating, or an instrument rating or a
rating with instrument privileges, a chief
instructor must have:
(1)
At least 2,000 hours as pilot in command; and
(2)
Flight training experience, acquired as either a
certificated flight instructor or an instructor in a
military pilot flight training program, or a
combination thereof, consisting of at least—
(i)
3 years and a total of 1,000 flight hours; or
(ii)
1,500 flight hours.
(e)
To be eligible for designation as chief instructor
for a ground school course, a person must have 1
year of experience as a ground school instructor at
a certificated pilot school.
(a)
To be eligible for designation as an assistant chief
instructor for a course of training, a person must
meet the following requirements:
(1)
Hold a commercial pilot or an airline transport
pilot certificate and, except for the assistant
chief instructor for a course of training solely for
a lighter-than-air rating, a current flight
instructor certificate. The certificates must
contain the appropriate aircraft category, class,
and instrument ratings if an instrument rating is
required by the course of training for the category
and class of aircraft used in the course;
(2)
Meet the pilot-in-command recent flight experience
requirements of 61.57 of this chapter;
(3)
Pass a knowledge test on—
(i)
Teaching methods;
(ii)
Applicable provisions of the “Aeronautical
Information Manual”;
(iii) Applicable provisions of parts 61, 91, and 141
of this chapter; and
(iv)
The objectives and approved course completion
standards of the course for which the person seeks
to obtain designation.
(4)
Pass a proficiency test on the flight procedures and
maneuvers appropriate to that course; and
(5)
Meet the applicable requirements in paragraphs (b),
(c), and (d) of this section. However, an assistant
chief instructor for a course of training for
gliders, balloons, or airships is only required to
have 40 percent of the hours required in paragraphs
(b) and (d) of this section.
(b)
For a course of training leading to the issuance of
a recreational or private pilot certificate or
rating, an assistant chief instructor must have:
(1)
At least 500 hours as pilot in command; and
(2)
Flight training experience, acquired as either a
certificated flight instructor or an instructor in a
military pilot flight training program, or a
combination thereof, consisting of at least—
(i)
1 year and a total of 250 flight hours; or
(ii)
500 flight hours.
(c)
For a course of training leading to the issuance of
an instrument rating or a rating with instrument
privileges, an assistant chief flight instructor
must have:
(1)
At least 50 hours of flight time under actual or
simulated instrument conditions;
(2)
At least 500 hours as pilot in command; and
(3)
Instrument flight instructor experience, acquired as
either a certificated flight instructor-instrument
or an instructor in a military pilot flight training
program, or a combination thereof, consisting of at
least—
(i)
1 year and a total of 125 flight hours; or
(ii)
200 flight hours.
(d)
For a course of training other than one leading to
the issuance of a recreational or private pilot
certificate or rating, or an instrument rating or a
rating with instrument privileges, an assistant
chief instructor must have:
(1)
At least 1,000 hours as pilot in command; and
(2)
Flight training experience, acquired as either a
certificated flight instructor or an instructor in a
military pilot flight training program, or a
combination thereof, consisting of at least—
(i)
11/2years and a total of 500 flight hours; or
(ii)
750 flight hours.
(e)
To be eligible for designation as an assistant chief
instructor for a ground school course, a person must
have 6 months of experience as a ground school
instructor at a certificated pilot school.
(a)
To be designated as a check instructor for
conducting student stage checks, end-of-course
tests, and instructor proficiency checks under this
part, a person must meet the eligibility
requirements of this section:
(1)
For checks and tests that relate to either flight or
ground training, the person must pass a test, given
by the chief instructor, on—
(i)
Teaching methods;
(ii)
Applicable provisions of the “Aeronautical
Information Manual”;
(iii) Applicable provisions of parts 61, 91, and 141
of this chapter; and
(iv)
The objectives and course completion standards of
the approved training course for the designation
sought.
(2)
For checks and tests that relate to a flight
training course, the person must—
(i)
Meet the requirements in paragraph (a)(1) of this
section;
(ii)
Hold a commercial pilot certificate or an airline
transport pilot certificate and, except for a check
instructor for a course of training for a
lighter-than-air rating, a current flight instructor
certificate. The certificates must contain the
appropriate aircraft category, class, and instrument
ratings for the category and class of aircraft used
in the course;
(iii) Meet the pilot-in-command recent flight
experience requirements of 61.57 of this chapter;
and
(iv)
Pass a proficiency test, given by the chief
instructor or assistant chief instructor, on the
flight procedures and maneuvers of the approved
training course for the designation sought.
(3)
For checks and tests that relate to ground training,
the person must—
(i)
Meet the requirements in paragraph (a)(1) of this
section;
(ii)
Except for a course of training for a
lighter-than-air rating, hold a current flight
instructor certificate or ground instructor
certificate with ratings appropriate to the category
and class of aircraft used in the course; and
(iii) For a course of training for a
lighter-than-air rating, hold a commercial pilot
certificate with a lighter-than-air category rating
and the appropriate class rating.
(b)
A person who meets the eligibility requirements in
paragraph (a) of this section must:
(1)
Be designated, in writing, by the chief instructor
to conduct student stage checks, end-of-course
tests, and instructor proficiency checks; and
(2)
Be approved by the AFRO-CAA Office having
jurisdiction over the school.
(c)
A check instructor may not conduct a stage check or
an end-of-course test of any student for whom the
check instructor has:
(1)
Served as the principal instructor; or
(2)
Recommended for a stage check or end-of-course test.
(a)
An applicant for a pilot school certificate or a
provisional pilot school certificate must show that
he or she has continuous use of each airport at
which training flights originate.
(b)
Each airport used for airplanes and gliders must
have at least one runway or take-off area that
allows training aircraft to make a normal take-off
or landing under the following conditions at the
aircraft's maximum certificated take-off gross
weight:
(1)
Under wind conditions of not more than 5 miles per
hour;
(2)
At temperatures in the operating area equal to the
mean high temperature for the hottest month of the
year;
(3)
If applicable, with the powerplant operation, and
landing gear and flap operation recommended by the
manufacturer; and
(4)
In the case of a take-off—
(i)
With smooth transition from liftoff to the best rate
of climb speed without exceptional piloting skills
or techniques; and
(ii)
Clearing all obstacles in the take-off flight path
by at least 50 feet.
(c)
Each airport must have a wind direction indicator
that is visible from the end of each runway at
ground level;
(d)
Each airport must have a traffic direction indicator
when:
(1)
The airport does not have an operating control
tower; and
(2)
UNICOM advisories are not available.
(e)
Except as provided in paragraph (f) of this section,
each airport used for night training flights must
have permanent runway lights;
(f)
An airport or seaplane base used for night training
flights in seaplanes is permitted to use adequate
nonpermanent lighting or shoreline lighting, if
approved by the Administrator.
141.39 Aircraft.
An
applicant for a pilot school certificate or
provisional pilot school certificate must show that
each aircraft used by that school for flight
training and solo flights meets the following
requirements:
(a)
Each aircraft must be registered as a civil aircraft
in the AFRO-CAA member States;
(b)
Each aircraft must be certificated with a standard
airworthiness certificate or a primary airworthiness
certificate, unless the Administrator determines
that due to the nature of the approved course, an
aircraft not having a standard airworthiness
certificate or primary airworthiness certificate may
be used;
(c)
Each aircraft must be maintained and inspected in
accordance with the requirements under subpart E of
part 91 of this chapter that apply to aircraft
operated for hire;
(d)
Each aircraft used in flight training must have at
least two pilot stations with engine-power controls
that can be easily reached and operated in a normal
manner from both pilot stations; and
(e)
Each aircraft used in a course involving IFR en
route operations and instrument approaches must be
equipped and maintained for IFR operations. For
training in the control and precision maneuvering of
an aircraft by reference to instruments, the
aircraft may be equipped as provided in the approved
course of training.
An
applicant for a pilot school certificate or a
provisional pilot school certificate must show that
its flight simulators, flight training devices,
training aids, and equipment meet the following
requirements:
(a)
Flight simulators. Each flight simulator used
to obtain flight training credit allowed for flight
simulators in an approved pilot training course
curriculum must—
(1)
Be a full-size aircraft cockpit replica of a
specific type of aircraft, or make, model, and
series of aircraft;
(2)
Include the hardware and software necessary to
represent the aircraft in ground operations and
flight operations;
(3)
Use a force cueing system that provides cues at
least equivalent to those cues provided by a 3
degree freedom of motion system;
(4)
Use a visual system that provides at least a
45-degree horizontal field of view and a 30-degree
vertical field of view simultaneously for each
pilot; and
(5)
Have been evaluated, qualified, and approved by the
Administrator.
(b)
Flight training devices. Each flight training
device used to obtain flight training credit allowed
for flight training devices in an approved pilot
training course curriculum must—
(1)
Be a full-size replica of instruments, equipment
panels, and controls of an aircraft, or set of
aircraft, in an open flight deck area or in an
enclosed cockpit, including the hardware and
software for the systems installed that is necessary
to simulate the aircraft in ground and flight
operations;
(2)
Need not have a force (motion) cueing or visual
system; and
(3)
Have been evaluated, qualified, and approved by the
Administrator.
(c)
Training aids and equipment. Each training
aid, including any audiovisual aid, projector, tape
recorder, mockup, chart, or aircraft component
listed in the approved training course outline, must
be accurate and appropriate to the course for which
it is used.
(a)
An applicant for a pilot school certificate or
provisional pilot school certificate must show that
the applicant has continuous use of a briefing area
located at each airport at which training flights
originate that is:
(1)
Adequate to shelter students waiting to engage in
their training flights;
(2)
Arranged and equipped for the conduct of pilot
briefings; and
(3)
Except as provided in paragraph (c) of this section,
for a school with an instrument rating or commercial
pilot course, equipped with private landline or
telephone communication to the nearest AFRO-CAA
Office.
(b)
A briefing area required by paragraph (a) of this
section may not be used by the applicant if it is
available for use by any other pilot school during
the period it is required for use by the applicant.
(c)
The communication equipment required by paragraph
(a)(3) of this section is not required if the
briefing area and the flight service station are
located on the same airport, and are readily
accessible to each other.
An
applicant for a pilot school or provisional pilot
school certificate must show that:
(a)
Each room, training booth, or other space used for
instructional purposes is heated, lighted, and
ventilated to conform to local building, sanitation,
and health codes; and
(b)
The training facility is so located that the
students in that facility are not distracted by the
training conducted in other rooms, or by flight and
maintenance operations on the airport.
This
subpart prescribes the curriculum and course outline
requirements for the issuance of a pilot school
certificate or provisional pilot school certificate
and ratings.
(a)
General. An applicant for a pilot school
certificate or provisional pilot school certificate
must obtain the Administrator's approval of the
outline of each training course for which
certification and rating is sought.
(b)
Application. (1) An application for the
approval of an initial or amended training course
must be submitted in duplicate to the AFRO-CAA
Office having jurisdiction over the area where the
school is based.
(2)
An application for the approval of an initial or
amended training course must be submitted at least
30 days before any training under that course, or
any amendment thereto, is scheduled to begin.
(3)
An application for amending a training course must
be accompanied by two copies of the amendment.
(2)
An applicant for a pilot school certificate or
provisional pilot school certificate may request
approval of the training courses specified in
141.11(b) of this part.
(a)
Each training course for which approval is requested
must meet the minimum curriculum requirements in
accordance with the appropriate appendix of this
part.
(b)
Except as provided in paragraphs (d) and (e) of this
section, each training course for which approval is
requested must meet the minimum ground and flight
training time requirements in accordance with the
appropriate appendix of this part.
(c)
Each training course for which approval is requested
must contain:
(1)
A description of each room used for ground training,
including the room's size and the maximum number of
students that may be trained in the room at one
time;
(2)
A description of each type of audiovisual aid,
projector, tape recorder, mockup, chart, aircraft
component, and other special training aids used for
ground training;
(3)
A description of each flight simulator or flight
training device used for training;
(4)
A listing of the airports at which training flights
originate and a description of the facilities,
including pilot briefing areas that are available
for use by the school's students and personnel at
each of those airports;
(5)
A description of the type of aircraft including any
special equipment used for each phase of training;
(6)
The minimum qualifications and ratings for each
instructor assigned to ground or flight training;
and
(7)
A training syllabus that includes the following
information—
(i)
The prerequisites for enrolling in the ground and
flight portion of the course that include the pilot
certificate and rating (if required by this part),
training, pilot experience, and pilot knowledge;
(ii)
A detailed description of each lesson, including the
lesson's objectives, standards, and planned time for
completion;
(iii) A description of what the course is expected
to accomplish with regard to student learning;
(iv)
The expected accomplishments and the standards for
each stage of training; and
(v)
A description of the checks and tests to be used to
measure a student's accomplishments for each stage
of training.
(d)
A pilot school may request and receive initial
approval for a period of not more than 24 calendar
months for any of the training courses of this part
without specifying the minimum ground and flight
training time requirements of this part, provided
the following provisions are met:
(1)
The school holds a pilot school certificate issued
under this part and has held that certificate for a
period of at least 24 consecutive calendar months
preceding the month of the request;
(2)
In addition to the information required by paragraph
(c) of this section, the training course specifies
planned ground and flight training time requirements
for the course;
(3)
The school does not request the training course to
be approved for examining authority, nor may that
school hold examining authority for that course; and
(4)
The practical test or knowledge test for the course
is to be given by—
(i)
An AFRO-CAA inspector; or
(ii)
An examiner who is not an employee of the school.
(e)
A certificated pilot school may request and receive
final approval for any of the training courses of
this part without specifying the minimum ground and
flight training time requirements of this part,
provided the following conditions are met:
(1)
The school has held initial approval for that
training course for at least 24 calendar months.
(2)
The school has—
(i)
Trained at least 10 students in that training course
within the preceding 24 calendar months and
recommended those students for a pilot, flight
instructor, or ground instructor certificate or
rating; and
(ii)
At least 80 percent of those students passed the
practical or knowledge test, or any combination
thereof, on the first attempt, and that test was
given by—
(A)
An AFRO-CAA inspector; or
(B)
An examiner who is not an employee of the school.
(3)
In addition to the information required by paragraph
(c) of this section, the training course specifies
planned ground and flight training time requirements
for the course.
(4)
The school does not request that the training course
be approved for examining authority nor may that
school hold examining authority for that course.
An
applicant for a pilot school certificate or
provisional pilot school certificate may apply for
approval to conduct a special course of airman
training for which a curriculum is not prescribed in
the appendixes of this part, if the applicant shows
that the training course contains features that
could achieve a level of pilot proficiency
equivalent to that achieved by a training course
prescribed in the appendixes of this part or the
requirements of part 61 of this chapter.
This
subpart prescribes the requirements for the issuance
of examining authority to the holder of a pilot
school certificate, and the privileges and
limitations of that examining authority.
(a)
A pilot school must meet the following prerequisites
to receive initial approval for examining authority:
(1)
The school must complete the application for
examining authority on a form and in a manner
prescribed by the Administrator;
(2)
The school must hold a pilot school certificate and
rating issued under this part;
(3)
The school must have held the rating in which
examining authority is sought for at least 24
consecutive calendar months preceding the month of
application for examining authority;
(4)
The training course for which examining authority is
requested may not be a course that is approved
without meeting the minimum ground and flight
training time requirements of this part; and
(5)
Within 24 calendar months before the date of
application for examining authority, that school
must meet the following requirements—
(i)
The school must have trained at least 10 students in
the training course for which examining authority is
sought and recommended those students for a pilot,
flight instructor, or ground instructor certificate
or rating; and
(ii)
At least 90 percent of those students passed the
required practical or knowledge test, or any
combination thereof, for the pilot, flight
instructor, or ground instructor certificate or
rating on the first attempt, and that test was given
by—
(A)
An AFRO-CAA inspector; or
(B)
An examiner who is not an employee of the school.
(b)
A pilot school must meet the following requirements
to retain approval of its examining authority:
(1)
The school must complete the application for renewal
of its examining authority on a form and in a manner
prescribed by the Administrator;
(2)
The school must hold a pilot school certificate and
rating issued under this part;
(3)
The school must have held the rating for which
continued examining authority is sought for at least
24 calendar months preceding the month of
application for renewal of its examining authority;
and
(4)
The training course for which continued examining
authority is requested may not be a course that is
approved without meeting the minimum ground and
flight training time requirements of this part.
A
pilot school that holds examining authority may
recommend a person who graduated from its course for
the appropriate pilot, flight instructor, or ground
instructor certificate or rating without taking the
AFRO-CAA knowledge test or practical test in
accordance with the provisions of this subpart.
A
pilot school that holds examining authority may only
recommend the issuance of a pilot, flight
instructor, or ground instructor certificate and
rating to a person who does not take an AFRO-CAA
knowledge test or practical test, if the
recommendation for the issuance of that certificate
or rating is in accordance with the following
requirements:
(a)
The person graduated from a training course for
which the pilot school holds examining authority.
(b)
Except as provided in this paragraph, the person
satisfactorily completed all the curriculum
requirements of that pilot school's approved
training course. A person who transfers from one
part 141 approved pilot school to another part 141
approved pilot school may receive credit for that
previous training, provided the following
requirements are met:
(1)
The maximum credited training time does not exceed
one-half of the receiving school's curriculum
requirements;
(2)
The person completes a knowledge and proficiency
test conducted by the receiving school for the
purpose of determining the amount of pilot
experience and knowledge to be credited;
(3)
The receiving school determines (based on the
person's performance on the knowledge and
proficiency test required by paragraph (b)(2) of
this section) the amount of credit to be awarded,
and records that credit in the person's training
record;
(4)
The person who requests credit for previous pilot
experience and knowledge obtained the experience and
knowledge from another part 141 approved pilot
school and training course; and
(5)
The receiving school retains a copy of the person's
training record from the previous school.
(c)
Tests given by a pilot school that holds examining
authority must be approved by the Administrator and
be at least equal in scope, depth, and difficulty to
the comparable knowledge and practical tests
prescribed by the Administrator under part 61 of
this chapter.
(d)
A pilot school that holds examining authority may
not use its knowledge or practical tests if the
school:
(1)
Knows, or has reason to believe, the test has been
compromised; or
(2)
Is notified by an AFRO-CAA Office that there is
reason to believe or it is known that the test has
been compromised.
(e)
A pilot school that holds examining authority must
maintain a record of all temporary airman
certificates it issues, which consist of the
following information:
(1)
A chronological listing that includes—
(i)
The date the temporary airman certificate was
issued;
(ii)
The student to whom the temporary airman certificate
was issued, and that student's permanent mailing
address and telephone number;
(iii) The training course from which the student
graduated;
(iv)
The name of person who conducted the knowledge or
practical test;
(v)
The type of temporary airman certificate or rating
issued to the student; and
(vi)
The date the student's airman application file was
sent to the AFRO-CAA for processing for a permanent
airman certificate.
(2)
A copy of the record containing each student's
graduation certificate, airman application,
temporary airman certificate, superseded airman
certificate (if applicable), and knowledge test or
practical test results; and
(3)
The records required by paragraph (e) of this
section must be retained for 1 year and made
available to the Administrator upon request. These
records must be surrendered to the Administrator
when the pilot school ceases to have examining
authority.
(f)
Except for pilot schools that have an airman
certification representative, when a student passes
the knowledge test or practical test, the pilot
school that holds examining authority must submit
that student's airman application file and training
record to the AFRO-CAA for processing for the
issuance of a permanent airman certificate.
This
subpart prescribes the operating rules applicable to
a pilot school or provisional pilot school
certificated under the provisions of this part.
(a)
The holder of a pilot school certificate or a
provisional pilot school certificate may advertise
and conduct approved pilot training courses in
accordance with the certificate and any ratings that
it holds.
(b)
A pilot school that holds examining authority for an
approved training course may recommend a graduate of
that course for the issuance of an appropriate
pilot, flight instructor, or ground instructor
certificate and rating, without taking an AFRO-CAA
knowledge test or practical test, provided the
training course has been approved and meets the
minimum ground and flight training time requirements
of this part.
The
following items must be carried on each aircraft
used for flight training and solo flights:
(a)
A pretake-off and prelanding checklist; and
(b)
The operator's handbook for the aircraft, if one is
furnished by the manufacturer, or copies of the
handbook if furnished to each student using the
aircraft.
(a)
The holder of a pilot school certificate or a
provisional pilot school certificate may not issue a
graduation certificate to a student, or recommend a
student for a pilot certificate or rating, unless
the student has:
(1)
Completed the training specified in the pilot
school's course of training; and
(2)
Passed the required final tests.
(b)
Except as provided in paragraph (c) of this section,
the holder of a pilot school certificate or a
provisional pilot school certificate may not
graduate a student from a course of training unless
the student has completed all of the curriculum
requirements of that course;
(c)
A student may be given credit towards the curriculum
requirements of a course for previous pilot
experience and knowledge, provided the following
conditions are met:
(1)
If the credit is based upon a part 141-approved
training course, the credit given that student for
the previous pilot experience and knowledge may be
50 percent of the curriculum requirements and must
be based upon a proficiency test or knowledge test,
or both, conducted by the receiving pilot school;
(2)
If the credit is not based upon a part 141-approved
training course, the credit given that student for
the previous pilot experience and knowledge shall
not exceed more than 25 percent of the curriculum
requirements and must be based upon a proficiency
test or knowledge test, or both, conducted by the
receiving pilot school;
(3)
The receiving school determines the amount of course
credit to be transferred under paragraph (c)(1) or
paragraph (c)(2) of this section, based on a
proficiency test or knowledge test, or both, of the
student; and
(4)
Credit for training specified in paragraph (c)(1) or
paragraph (c)(2) of this section may be given only
if the previous provider of the training has
certified in writing, or other form acceptable to
the Administrator as to the kind and amount of
training provided, and the result of each stage
check and end-of-course test, if applicable, given
to the student.
(a)
No person other than a certificated flight
instructor or commercial pilot with a
lighter-than-air rating who has the ratings and the
minimum qualifications specified in the approved
training course outline may give a student flight
training under an approved course of training.
(b)
No student pilot may be authorized to start a solo
practice flight from an airport until the flight has
been approved by a certificated flight instructor or
commercial pilot with a lighter-than-air rating who
is present at that airport.
(c)
Each chief instructor and assistant chief instructor
assigned to a training course must complete, at
least once every 12 calendar months, an approved
syllabus of training consisting of ground or flight
training, or both, or an approved flight instructor
refresher course.
(d)
Each certificated flight instructor or commercial
pilot with a lighter-than-air rating who is assigned
to a flight training course must satisfactorily
complete the following tasks, which must be
administered by the school's chief instructor,
assistant chief instructor, or check instructor:
(1)
Prior to receiving authorization to train students
in a flight training course, must—
(i)
Accomplish a review of and receive a briefing on the
objectives and standards of that training course;
and
(ii)
Accomplish an initial proficiency check in each make
and model of aircraft used in that training course
in which that person provides training; and
(2)
Every 12 calendar months after the month in which
the person last complied with the requirements of
paragraph (d)(1)(ii) of this section, accomplish a
recurrent proficiency check in one of the aircraft
in which the person trains students.
(a)
Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section,
each instructor who is assigned to a ground training
course must hold a flight or ground instructor
certificate, or a commercial pilot certificate with
a lighter-than-air rating, with the appropriate
rating for that course of training.
(b)
A person who does not meet the requirements of
paragraph (a) of this section may be assigned ground
training duties in a ground training course, if:
(1)
The chief instructor who is assigned to that ground
training course finds the person qualified to give
that training; and
(2)
The training is given while under the supervision of
the chief instructor or the assistant chief
instructor who is present at the facility when the
training is given.
(c)
An instructor may not be used in a ground training
course until that instructor has been briefed on the
objectives and standards of that course by the chief
instructor, assistant chief instructor, or check
instructor.
(a)
Each pilot school or provisional pilot school must
meet the following requirements:
(1)
Comply with its approved training course; and
(2)
Provide training of such quality that meets the
requirements of 141.5(d) of this part.
(b)
The failure of a pilot school or provisional pilot
school to maintain the quality of training specified
in paragraph (a) of this section may be the basis
for suspending or revoking that school's
certificate.
(c)
When requested by the Administrator, a pilot school
or provisional pilot school must allow the AFRO-CAA
to administer any knowledge test, practical test,
stage check, or end-of-course test to its students.
(d)
When a stage check or end-of-course test is
administered by the AFRO-CAA under the provisions of
paragraph (c) of this section, and the student has
not completed the training course, then that test
will be based on the standards prescribed in the
school's approved training course.
(e)
When a practical test or knowledge test is
administered by the AFRO-CAA under the provisions of
paragraph (c) of this section, to a student who has
completed the school's training course, that test
will be based upon the areas of operation approved
by the Administrator.
(a)
Each person designated as a chief instructor for a
pilot school or provisional pilot school shall be
responsible for:
(1)
Certifying each student's training record,
graduation certificate, stage check and
end-of-course test report, recommendation for course
completion, and application;
(2)
Ensuring that each certificated flight instructor,
certificated ground instructor, or commercial pilot
with a lighter-than-air rating passes an initial
proficiency check prior to that instructor being
assigned instructing duties in the school's approved
training course, and thereafter that the instructor
passes a recurrent proficiency check every 12
calendar months after the month in which the initial
test was accomplished;
(3)
Ensuring that each student accomplishes the required
stage checks and end-of-course tests in accordance
with the school's approved training course; and
(4)
Maintaining training techniques, procedures, and
standards for the school that are acceptable to the
Administrator.
(b)
The chief instructor or an assistant chief
instructor must be available at the pilot school or,
if away from the pilot school, be available by
telephone, radio, or other electronic means during
the time that training is given for an approved
training course.
(c)
The chief instructor may delegate authority for
conducting stage checks, end-of-course tests, and
flight instructor proficiency checks to the
assistant chief instructor or a check instructor.
Whenever a pilot school or provisional pilot school
makes a change of designation of its chief
instructor, that school:
(a)
Must immediately provide the AFRO-CAA Office that
has jurisdiction over the area in which the school
is located with written notification of the change;
(b)
May conduct training without a chief instructor for
that training course for a period not to exceed 60
days while awaiting the designation and approval of
another chief instructor;
(c)
May, for a period not to exceed 60 days, have the
stage checks and end-of-course tests administered
by:
(1)
The training course's assistant chief instructor, if
one has been designated;
(2)
The training course's check instructor, if one has
been designated;
(3)
An AFRO-CAA inspector; or
(4)
An examiner.
(d)
Must, after 60 days without a chief instructor,
cease operations and surrender its certificate to
the Administrator; and
(e)
May have its certificate reinstated, upon:
(1)
Designating and approving another chief instructor;
(2)
Showing it meets the requirements of 141.27(a)(2) of
this part; and
(3)
Applying for reinstatement on a form and in a manner
prescribed by the Administrator.
The
holder of a pilot school certificate or provisional
pilot school certificate may not provide training to
a student who is enrolled in an approved course of
training unless:
(a)
Each airport, aircraft, and facility necessary for
that training meets the standards specified in the
holder's approved training course outline and the
appropriate requirements of this part; and
(b)
Except as provided in 141.87 of this part, each
chief instructor, assistant chief instructor, check
instructor, or instructor meets the qualifications
specified in the holder's approved course of
training and the appropriate requirements of this
part.
The
holder of a pilot school certificate or provisional
pilot school certificate may conduct ground training
or flight training in an approved course of training
at a base other than its main operations base if:
(a)
An assistant chief instructor is designated for each
satellite base, and that assistant chief instructor
is available at that base or, if away from the
premises, by telephone, radio, or other electronic
means during the time that training is provided for
an approved training course;
(b)
The airport, facilities, and personnel used at the
satellite base meet the appropriate requirements of
subpart B of this part and its approved training
course outline;
(c)
The instructors are under the direct supervision of
the chief instructor or assistant chief instructor
for the appropriate training course, who is readily
available for consultation in accordance with
141.85(b) of this part; and
(d)
The AFRO-CAA Office having jurisdiction over the
area in which the school is located is notified in
writing if training is conducted at a base other
than the school's main operations base for more than
7 consecutive days.
(a)
The holder of a pilot school certificate or a
provisional pilot school certificate must, at the
time a student is enrolled in an approved training
course, furnish that student with a copy of the
following:
(1)
A certificate of enrollment containing—
(i)
The name of the course in which the student is
enrolled; and
(ii)
The date of that enrollment.
(2)
A copy of the student's training syllabus.
(3)
A copy of the safety procedures and practices
developed by the school that describe the use of the
school's facilities and the operation of its
aircraft. Those procedures and practices shall
include training on at least the following
information—
(i)
The weather minimums required by the school for dual
and solo flights;
(ii)
The procedures for starting and taxiing aircraft on
the ramp;
(iii) Fire precautions and procedures;
(iv)
Redispatch procedures after unprogrammed landings,
on and off airports;
(v)
Aircraft discrepancies and approval for
return-to-service determinations;
(vi)
Securing of aircraft when not in use;
(vii) Fuel reserves necessary for local and
cross-country flights;
(viii) Avoidance of other aircraft in flight and on
the ground;
(ix)
Minimum altitude limitations and simulated emergency
landing instructions; and
(x)
A description of and instructions regarding the use
of assigned practice areas.
(b)
The holder of a pilot school certificate or
provisional pilot school certificate must maintain a
monthly listing of persons enrolled in each training
course offered by the school.
(a)
The holder of a pilot school certificate or
provisional pilot school certificate must issue a
graduation certificate to each student who completes
its approved course of training.
(b)
The graduation certificate must be issued to the
student upon completion of the course of training
and contain at least the following information:
(1)
The name of the school and the certificate number of
the school;
(2)
The name of the graduate to whom it was issued;
(3)
The course of training for which it was issued;
(4)
The date of graduation;
(5)
A statement that the student has satisfactorily
completed each required stage of the approved course
of training including the tests for those stages;
(6)
A certification of the information contained on the
graduation certificate by the chief instructor for
that course of training; and
(7)
A statement showing the cross-country training that
the student received in the course of training.
(a)
Each holder of a pilot school certificate or
provisional pilot school certificate must establish
and maintain a current and accurate record of the
participation of each student enrolled in an
approved course of training conducted by the school
that includes the following information:
(1)
The date the student was enrolled in the approved
course;
(2)
A chronological log of the student's course
attendance, subjects, and flight operations covered
in the student's training, and the names and grades
of any tests taken by the student; and
(3)
The date the student graduated, terminated training,
or transferred to another school.
(b)
The records required to be maintained in a student's
logbook will not suffice for the record required by
paragraph (a) of this section.
(c)
Whenever a student graduates, terminates training,
or transfers to another school, the student's record
must be certified to that effect by the chief
instructor.
(d)
The holder of a pilot school certificate or a
provisional pilot school certificate must retain
each student record required by this section for at
least 1 year from the date that the student:
(1)
Graduates from the course to which the record
pertains;
(2)
Terminates enrollment in the course to which the
record pertains; or
(3)
Transfers to another school.
(e)
The holder of a pilot school certificate or a
provisional pilot school certificate must make a
copy of the student's training record available upon
request by the student.
1.
Applicability. This appendix prescribes the
minimum curriculum required for a recreational pilot
certification course under this part, for the
following ratings:
(a)
Airplane single-engine.
(b)
Rotorcraft helicopter.
(c)
Rotorcraft gyroplane.
2.
Eligibility for enrollment. A person must
hold a student pilot certificate prior to enrolling
in the flight portion of the recreational pilot
certification course.
3.
Aeronautical knowledge training. Each
approved course must include at least 20 hours of
ground training on the following aeronautical
knowledge areas, appropriate to the aircraft
category and class for which the course applies:
(a)
Applicable AFRO-CAA Regulations for recreational
pilot privileges, limitations, and flight
operations;
(b)
Accident reporting requirements of the National
Transportation Safety Board;
(c)
Applicable subjects in the “Aeronautical Information
Manual” and the appropriate AFRO-CAA advisory
circulars;
(d)
Use of aeronautical charts for VFR navigation using
pilotage with the aid of a magnetic compass;
(e)
Recognition of critical weather situations from the
ground and in flight, windshear avoidance, and the
procurement and use of aeronautical weather reports
and forecasts;
(f)
Safe and efficient operation of aircraft, including
collision avoidance, and recognition and avoidance
of wake turbulence;
(g)
Effects of density altitude on take-off and climb
performance;
(h)
Weight and balance computations;
(i)
Principles of aerodynamics, powerplants, and
aircraft systems;
(j)
Stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin
recovery techniques, if applying for an airplane
single-engine rating;
(k)
Aeronautical decision making and judgment; and
(l)
Preflight action that includes—
(1)
How to obtain information on runway lengths at
airports of intended use, data on take-off and
landing distances, weather reports and forecasts,
and fuel requirements; and
(2)
How to plan for alternatives if the planned flight
cannot be completed or delays are encountered.
4.
Flight training. (a) Each approved course
must include at least 30 hours of flight training
(of which 15 hours must be with a certificated
flight instructor and 3 hours must be solo flight
training as provided in section No. 5 of this
appendix) on the approved areas of operation listed
in paragraph (c) of this section that are
appropriate to the aircraft category and class
rating for which the course applies, including:
(1)
Except as provided in 61.100 of this chapter, 2
hours of dual flight training to and at an airport
that is located more than 25 nautical miles from the
airport where the applicant normally trains, with at
least three take-offs and three landings; and
(2)
3 hours of dual flight training in an aircraft that
is appropriate to the aircraft category and class
for which the course applies, in preparation for the
practical test within 60 days preceding the date of
the test.
(b)
Each training flight must include a preflight
briefing and a post-flight critique of the student
by the flight instructor assigned to that flight.
(c)
Flight training must include the following approved
areas of operation appropriate to the aircraft
category and class rating—
(1)
For an airplane single-engine course: (i)
Preflight preparation;
(ii)
Preflight procedures;
(iii) Airport operations;
(iv)
Take-offs, landings, and go-arounds;
(v)
Performance maneuvers;
(vi)
Ground reference maneuvers;
(vii) Navigation;
(viii) Slow flight and stalls;
(ix)
Emergency operations; and
(x)
Post-flight procedures.
(2)
For a rotorcraft helicopter course: (i)
Preflight preparation;
(ii)
Preflight procedures;
(iii) Airport and heliport operations;
(iv)
Hovering maneuvers;
(v)
Take-offs, landings, and go-arounds;
(vi) Performance maneuvers;
(vii) Navigation;
(viii) Emergency operations; and
(ix)
Post-flight procedures.
(3)
For a rotorcraft gyroplane course: (i)
Preflight preparation;
(ii)
Preflight procedures;
(iii) Airport operations;
(iv)
Take-offs, landings, and go-arounds;
(v)
Performance maneuvers;
(vi)
Ground reference maneuvers;
(vii) Navigation;
(viii) Flight at slow airspeeds;
(ix)
Emergency operations; and
(x)
Post-flight procedures.
5.
Solo flight training. Each approved course
must include at least 3 hours of solo flight
training on the approved areas of operation listed
in paragraph (c) of section No. 4 of this appendix
that are appropriate to the aircraft category and
class rating for which the course applies.
6.
Stage checks and end-of-course tests. (a)
Each student enrolled in a recreational pilot course
must satisfactorily accomplish the stage checks and
end-of-course tests, in accordance with the school's
approved training course, consisting of the approved
areas of operation listed in paragraph (c) of
section No. 4 of this appendix that are appropriate
to the aircraft category and class rating for which
the course applies.
(b)
Each student must demonstrate satisfactory
proficiency prior to receiving an endorsement to
operate an aircraft in solo flight.
1.
Applicability. This appendix prescribes the
minimum curriculum for a private pilot certification
course required under this part, for the following
ratings:
(a)
Airplane single-engine.
(b)
Airplane multiengine.
(c)
Rotorcraft helicopter.
(d)
Rotorcraft gyroplane.
(e)
Powered-lift.
(f)
Glider.
(g)
Lighter-than-air airship.
(h)
Lighter-than-air balloon.
2.
Eligibility for enrollment. A person must
hold a recreational or student pilot certificate
prior to enrolling in the flight portion of the
private pilot certification course.
3.
Aeronautical knowledge training.
(a)
Each approved course must include at least the
following ground training on the aeronautical
knowledge areas listed in paragraph (b) of this
section, appropriate to the aircraft category and
class rating:
(1)
35 hours of training if the course is for an
airplane, rotorcraft, or powered-lift category
rating.
(2)
15 hours of training if the course is for a glider
category rating.
(3)
10 hours of training if the course is for a
lighter-than-air category with a balloon class
rating.
(4)
35 hours of training if the course is for a
lighter-than-air category with an airship class
rating.
(b)
Ground training must include the following
aeronautical knowledge areas:
(1)
Applicable AFRO-CAA Regulations for private pilot
privileges, limitations, and flight operations;
(2)
Accident reporting requirements of the National
Transportation Safety Board;
(3)
Applicable subjects of the “Aeronautical Information
Manual” and the appropriate AFRO-CAA advisory
circulars;
(4)
Aeronautical charts for VFR navigation using
pilotage, dead reckoning, and navigation systems;
(5)
Radio communication procedures;
(6)
Recognition of critical weather situations from the
ground and in flight, windshear avoidance, and the
procurement and use of aeronautical weather reports
and forecasts;
(7)
Safe and efficient operation of aircraft, including
collision avoidance, and recognition and avoidance
of wake turbulence;
(8)
Effects of density altitude on take-off and climb
performance;
(9)
Weight and balance computations;
(10)
Principles of aerodynamics, powerplants, and
aircraft systems;
(11)
If the course of training is for an airplane
category or glider category rating, stall awareness,
spin entry, spins, and spin recovery techniques;
(12)
Aeronautical decision making and judgment; and
(13)
Preflight action that includes—
(i)
How to obtain information on runway lengths at
airports of intended use, data on take-off and
landing distances, weather reports and forecasts,
and fuel requirements; and
(ii)
How to plan for alternatives if the planned flight
cannot be completed or delays are encountered.
4.
Flight training. (a) Each approved course
must include at least the following flight training,
as provided in this section and section No. 5 of
this appendix, on the approved areas of operation
listed in paragraph (d) of this section, appropriate
to the aircraft category and class rating:
(1)
35 hours of training if the course is for an
airplane, rotorcraft, powered-lift, or airship
rating.
(2)
6 hours of training if the course is for a glider
rating.
(3)
8 hours of training if the course is for a balloon
rating.
(b)
Each approved course must include at least the
following flight training:
(1)
For an airplane single-engine course: 20
hours of flight training from a certificated flight
instructor on the approved areas of operation in
paragraph (d)(1) of this section that includes at
least—
(i)
Except as provided in 61.111 of this chapter, 3
hours of cross-country flight training in a
single-engine airplane;
(ii)
3 hours of night flight training in a single-engine
airplane that includes—
(A)
One cross-country flight of more than
100-nautical-miles total distance; and
(B)
10 take-offs and 10 landings to a full stop (with
each landing involving a flight in the traffic
pattern) at an airport.
(iii) 3 hours of instrument training in a
single-engine airplane; and
(iv)
3 hours of flight training in a single-engine
airplane in preparation for the practical test
within 60 days preceding the date of the test.
(2)
For an airplane multiengine course: 20 hours
of flight training from a certificated flight
instructor on the approved areas of operation in
paragraph (d)(2) of this section that includes at
least—
(i)
Except as provided in 61.111 of this chapter, 3
hours of cross-country flight training in a
multiengine airplane;
(ii)
3 hours of night flight training in a multi-engine
airplane that includes—
(A)
One cross-country flight of more than
100-nautical-miles total distance; and
(B)
10 take-offs and 10 landings to a full stop (with
each landing involving a flight in the traffic
pattern) at an airport.
(iii) 3 hours of instrument training in a
multi-engine airplane; and
(iv)
3 hours of flight training in a multi-engine
airplane in preparation for the practical test
within 60 days preceding the date of the test.
(3)
For a rotorcraft helicopter course: 20 hours
of flight training from a certificated flight
instructor on the approved areas of operation in
paragraph (d)(3) of this section that includes at
least—
(i)
Except as provided in 61.111 of this chapter, 3
hours of cross-country flight training in a
helicopter.
(ii)
3 hours of night flight training in a helicopter
that includes—
(A)
One cross-country flight of more than
50-nautical-miles total distance; and
(B)
10 take-offs and 10 landings to a full stop (with
each landing involving a flight in the traffic
pattern) at an airport.
(iii) 3 hours of flight training in a helicopter in
preparation for the practical test within 60 days
preceding the date of the test.
(4)
For a rotor-craft gyroplane course: 20 hours
of flight training from a certificated flight
instructor on the approved areas of operation in
paragraph (d)(4) of this section that includes at
least—
(i)
Except as provided in 61.111 of this chapter, 3
hours of cross-country flight training in a
gyroplane.
(ii)
3 hours of night flight training in a gyroplane that
includes—
(A)
One cross-country flight over 50-nautical-miles
total distance; and
(B)
10 take-offs and 10 landings to a full stop (with
each landing involving a flight in the traffic
pattern) at an airport.
(iii) 3 hours of flight training in a gyroplane in
preparation for the practical test within 60 days
preceding the date of the test.
(5)
For a powered-lift course: 20 hours of flight
training from a certificated flight instructor on
the approved areas of operation in paragraph (d)(5)
of this section that includes at least—
(i)
Except as provided in 61.111 of this chapter, 3
hours of cross-country flight training in a
powered-lift;
(ii)
3 hours of night flight training in a powered-lift
that includes—
(A)
One cross-country flight of more than
100-nautical-miles total distance; and
(B)
10 take-offs and 10 landings to a full stop (with
each landing involving a flight in the traffic
pattern) at an airport.
(iii) 3 hours of instrument training in a
powered-lift; and
(iv)
3 hours of flight training in a powered-lift in
preparation for the practical test, within 60 days
preceding the date of the test.
(6)
For a glider course: 4 hours of flight
training from a certificated flight instructor on
the approved areas of operation in paragraph (d)(6)
of this section that includes at least—
(i)
Five training flights in a glider with a
certificated flight instructor on the launch/tow
procedures approved for the course and on the
appropriate approved areas of operation listed in
paragraph (d)(6) of this section; and
(ii)
Three training flights in a glider with a
certificated flight instructor in preparation for
the practical test within 60 days preceding the date
of the test.
(7)
For a lighter-than-air airship course: 20
hours of flight training from a commercial pilot
with an airship rating on the approved areas of
operation in paragraph (d)(7) of this section that
includes at least—
(i)
Except as provided in 61.111 of this chapter, 3
hours of cross-country flight training in an
airship;
(ii)
3 hours of night flight training in an airship that
includes—
(A)
One cross-country flight over 25-nautical-miles
total distance; and
(B)
Five take-offs and five landings to a full stop
(with each landing involving a flight in the traffic
pattern) at an airport.
(iii) 3 hours of instrument training in an airship;
and
(iv)
3 hours of flight training in an airship in
preparation for the practical test within 60 days
preceding the date of the test.
(8)
For a lighter-than-air balloon course: 8
hours of flight training, including at least five
training flights, from a commercial pilot with a
balloon rating on the approved areas of operation in
paragraph (d)(8) of this section, that includes—
(i)
If the training is being performed in a gas balloon—
(A)
Two flights of 1 hour each;
(B)
One flight involving a controlled ascent to 3,000
feet above the launch site; and
(C)
Two flights in preparation for the practical test
within 60 days preceding the date of the test.
(ii)
If the training is being performed in a balloon with
an airborne heater—
(A)
Two flights of 30 minutes each;
(B)
One flight involving a controlled ascent to 2,000
feet above the launch site; and
(C)
Two flights in preparation for the practical test
within 60 days preceding the date of the test.
(c)
For use of flight simulators or flight training
devices:
(1)
The course may include training in a flight
simulator or flight training device, provided it is
representative of the aircraft for which the course
is approved, meets the requirements of this
paragraph, and the training is given by an
authorized instructor.
(2)
Training in a flight simulator that meets the
requirements of 141.41(a) of this part may be
credited for a maximum of 20 percent of the total
flight training hour requirements of the approved
course, or of this section, whichever is less.
(3)
Training in a flight training device that meets the
requirements of 141.41(b) of this part may be
credited for a maximum of 15 percent of the total
flight training hour requirements of the approved
course, or of this section, whichever is less.
(4)
Training in flight simulators or flight training
devices described in paragraphs (c)(2) and (c)(3) of
this section, if used in combination, may be
credited for a maximum of 20 percent of the total
flight training hour requirements of the approved
course, or of this section, whichever is less.
However, credit for training in a flight training
device that meets the requirements of 141.41(b)
cannot exceed the limitation provided for in
paragraph (c)(3) of this section.
(d)
Each approved course must include the flight
training on the approved areas of operation listed
in this paragraph that are appropriate to the
aircraft category and class rating—
(1)
For a single-engine airplane course: (i)
Preflight preparation;
(ii)
Preflight procedures;
(iii) Airport and seaplane base operations;
(iv)
Take-offs, landings, and go-arounds;
(v)
Performance maneuvers;
(vi)
Ground reference maneuvers;
(vii) Navigation;
(viii) Slow flight and stalls;
(ix)
Basic instrument maneuvers;
(x)
Emergency operations;
(xi)
Night operations, and
(xii) Post-flight procedures.
(2)
For a multiengine airplane course: (i)
Preflight preparation;
(ii)
Preflight procedures;
(iii) Airport and seaplane base operations;
(iv)
Take-offs, landings, and go-arounds;
(v)
Performance maneuvers;
(vi)
Ground reference maneuvers;
(vii) Navigation;
(viii) Slow flight and stalls;
(ix)
Basic instrument maneuvers;
(x)
Emergency operations;
(xi)
Multiengine operations;
(xii) Night operations; and
(xiii) Post-flight procedures.
(3)
For a rotorcraft helicopter course: (i)
Preflight preparation;
(ii)
Preflight procedures;
(iii) Airport and heliport operations;
(iv)
Hovering maneuvers;
(v)
Take-offs, landings, and go-arounds;
(vi) Performance maneuvers;
(vii) Navigation;
(viii) Emergency operations;
(ix)
Night operations; and
(x)
Post-flight procedures.
(4)
For a rotorcraft gyroplane course:
(i)
Preflight preparation;
(ii)
Preflight procedures;
(iii) Airport operations;
(iv)
Take-offs, landings, and go-arounds;
(v)
Performance maneuvers;
(vi)
Ground reference maneuvers;
(vii) Navigation;
(viii) Flight at slow airspeeds;
(ix)
Emergency operations;
(x)
Night operations; and
(xi)
Post-flight procedures.
(5)
For a powered-lift course: (i) Preflight
preparation;
(ii)
Preflight procedures;
(iii) Airport and heliport operations;
(iv)
Hovering maneuvers;
(v)
Take-offs, landings, and go-arounds;
(vi)
Performance maneuvers;
(vii) Ground reference maneuvers;
(viii) Navigation;
(ix)
Slow flight and stalls;
(x)
Basic instrument maneuvers;
(xi)
Emergency operations;
(xii) Night operations; and
(xiii) Post-flight procedures.
(6)
For a glider course: (i) Preflight
preparation;
(ii)
Preflight procedures;
(iii) Airport and gliderport operations;
(iv)
Launches/tows, as appropriate, and landings;
(v)
Performance speeds;
(vi)
Soaring techniques;
(vii) Performance maneuvers;
(viii) Navigation;
(ix)
Slow flight and stalls;
(x)
Emergency operations; and
(xi)
Post-flight procedures.
(7)
For a lighter-than-air airship course: (i)
Preflight preparation;
(ii)
Preflight procedures;
(iii) Airport operations;
(iv)
Take-offs, landings, and go-arounds;
(v)
Performance maneuvers;
(vi)
Ground reference maneuvers;
(vii) Navigation;
(viii) Emergency operations; and
(ix)
Post-flight procedures.
(8)
For a lighter-than-air balloon course: (i)
Preflight preparation;
(ii)
Preflight procedures;
(iii) Airport operations;
(iv)
Launches and landings;
(v)
Performance maneuvers;
(vi)
Navigation;
(vii) Emergency operations; and
(viii) Post-flight procedures.
5.
Solo flight training. Each approved course
must include at least the following solo flight
training:
(a)
For an airplane single-engine course: 5 hours
of solo flight training in a single-engine airplane
on the approved areas of operation in paragraph
(d)(1) of section No. 4 of this appendix that
includes at least—
(1)
One solo cross-country flight of at least 100
nautical miles with landings at a minimum of three
points, and one segment of the flight consisting of
a straight-line distance of at least 50 nautical
miles between the take-off and landing locations;
and
(2)
Three take-offs and three landings to a full stop
(with each landing involving a flight in the traffic
pattern) at an airport with an operating control
tower.
(b)
For an airplane multiengine course: 5 hours
of flight training in a multiengine airplane
performing the duties of a pilot in command while
under the supervision of a certificated flight
instructor. The training must consist of the
approved areas of operation in paragraph (d)(2) of
section No. 4 of this appendix, and include at
least—
(1)
One cross-country flight of at least 100 nautical
miles with landings at a minimum of three points,
and one segment of the flight consisting of a
straight-line distance of at least 50 nautical miles
between the take-off and landing locations; and
(2)
Three take-offs and three landings to a full stop
(with each landing involving a flight in the traffic
pattern) at an airport with an operating control
tower.
(c)
For a rotorcraft helicopter course: 5 hours
of solo flight training in a helicopter on the
approved areas of operation in paragraph (d)(3) of
section No. 4 of this appendix that includes at
least—
(1)
One solo cross-country flight of more than 50
nautical miles with landings at a minimum of three
points, and one segment of the flight consisting of
a straight-line distance of at least 25 nautical
miles between the take-off and landing locations;
and
(2)
Three take-offs and three landings to a full stop
(with each landing involving a flight in the traffic
pattern) at an airport with an operating control
tower.
(d)
For a rotorcraft gyroplane course: 5 hours of
solo flight training in gyroplanes on the approved
areas of operation in paragraph (d)(4) of section
No. 4 of this appendix that includes at least—
(1)
One solo cross-country flight of more than 50
nautical miles with landings at a minimum of three
points, and one segment of the flight consisting of
a straight-line distance of at least 25 nautical
miles between the take-off and landing locations;
and
(2)
Three take-offs and three landings to a full stop
(with each landing involving a flight in the traffic
pattern) at an airport with an operating control
tower.
(e)
For a powered-lift course: 5 hours of solo
flight training in a powered-lift on the approved
areas of operation in paragraph (d)(5) of section
No. 4 of this appendix that includes at least—
(1)
One solo cross-country flight of at least 100
nautical miles with landings at a minimum of three
points, and one segment of the flight consisting of
a straight-line distance of at least 50 nautical
miles between the take-off and landing locations;
and
(2)
Three take-offs and three landings to a full stop
(with each landing involving a flight in the traffic
pattern) at an airport with an operating control
tower.
(f)
For a glider course: Two solo flights in a
glider on the approved areas of operation in
paragraph (d)(6) of section No. 4 of this appendix,
and the launch and tow procedures appropriate for
the approved course.
(g)
For a lighter-than-air airship course: 5
hours of flight training in an airship performing
the duties of pilot in command while under the
supervision of a commercial pilot with an airship
rating. The training must consist of the approved
areas of operation in paragraph (d)(7) of section
No. 4 of this appendix.
(h)
For a lighter-than-air balloon course: Two
solo flights in a balloon with an airborne heater if
the course involves a balloon with an airborne
heater or, if the course involves a gas balloon, at
least two flights in a gas balloon performing the
duties of pilot in command while under the
supervision of a commercial pilot with a balloon
rating. The training must consist of the approved
areas of operation in paragraph (d)(8) of section
No. 4 of this appendix, in the kind of balloon for
which the course applies.
6.
Stage checks and end-of-course tests.
(a)
Each student enrolled in a private pilot course must
satisfactorily accomplish the stage checks and
end-of-course tests in accordance with the school's
approved training course, consisting of the approved
areas of operation listed in paragraph (d) of
section No. 4 of this appendix that are appropriate
to the aircraft category and class rating for which
the course applies.
(b)
Each student must demonstrate satisfactory
proficiency prior to receiving an endorsement to
operate an aircraft in solo flight.
1.
Applicability. This appendix prescribes the
minimum curriculum for an instrument rating course
and an additional instrument rating course, required
under this part, for the following ratings:
(a)
Instrument—airplane.
(b)
Instrument—helicopter.
(c)
Instrument—powered-lift.
2.
Eligibility for enrollment. A person must
hold at least a private pilot certificate with an
aircraft category and class rating appropriate to
the instrument rating for which the course applies
prior to enrolling in the flight portion of the
instrument rating course.
3.
Aeronautical knowledge training. (a) Each
approved course must include at least the following
ground training on the aeronautical knowledge areas
listed in paragraph (b) of this section appropriate
to the instrument rating for which the course
applies:
(1)
30 hours of training if the course is for an initial
instrument rating.
(2)
20 hours of training if the course is for an
additional instrument rating.
(b)
Ground training must include the following
aeronautical knowledge areas:
(1)
Applicable AFRO-CAA Regulations for IFR flight
operations;
(2)
Appropriate information in the “Aeronautical
Information Manual”;
(3)
Air traffic control system and procedures for
instrument flight operations;
(4)
IFR navigation and approaches by use of navigation
systems;
(5)
Use of IFR en route and instrument approach
procedure charts;
(6)
Procurement and use of aviation weather reports and
forecasts, and the elements of forecasting weather
trends on the basis of that information and personal
observation of weather conditions;
(7)
Safe and efficient operation of aircraft under
instrument flight rules and conditions;
(8)
Recognition of critical weather situations and
windshear avoidance;
(9)
Aeronautical decision making and judgment; and
(10)
Crew resource management, to include crew
communication and coordination.
4.
Flight training. (a) Each approved course
must include at least the following flight training
on the approved areas of operation listed in
paragraph (d) of this section, appropriate to the
instrument-aircraft category and class rating for
which the course applies:
(1)
35 hours of instrument training if the course is for
an initial instrument rating.
(2)
15 hours of instrument training if the course is for
an additional instrument rating.
(b)
For the use of flight simulators or flight training
devices—
(1)
The course may include training in a flight
simulator or flight training device, provided it is
representative of the aircraft for which the course
is approved, meets the requirements of this
paragraph, and the training is given by an
authorized instructor.
(2)
Training in a flight simulator that meets the
requirements of 141.41(a) of this part may be
credited for a maximum of 50 percent of the total
flight training hour requirements of the approved
course, or of this section, whichever is less.
(3)
Training in a flight training device that meets the
requirements of 141.41(b) of this part may be
credited for a maximum of 40 percent of the total
flight training hour requirements of the approved
course, or of this section, whichever is less.
(4)
Training in flight simulators or flight training
devices described in paragraphs (b)(2) and (b)(3) of
this section, if used in combination, may be
credited for a maximum of 50 percent of the total
flight training hour requirements of the approved
course, or of this section, whichever is less.
However, credit for training in a flight training
device that meets the requirements of 141.41(b)
cannot exceed the limitation provided for in
paragraph (b)(3) of this section.
(c)
Each approved course must include the following
flight training—
(1)
For an instrument airplane course: Instrument
training time from a certificated flight instructor
with an instrument rating on the approved areas of
operation in paragraph (d) of this section including
at least one cross-country flight that—
(i)
Is in the category and class of airplane that the
course is approved for, and is performed under IFR;
(ii)
Is a distance of at least 250 nautical miles along
airways or ATC-directed routing with one segment of
the flight consisting of at least a straight-line
distance of 100 nautical miles between airports;
(iii) Involves an instrument approach at each
airport; and
(iv)
Involves three different kinds of approaches with
the use of navigation systems.
(2)
For an instrument helicopter course:
Instrument training time from a certificated flight
instructor with an instrument rating on the approved
areas of operation in paragraph (d) of this section
including at least one cross-country flight that—
(i)
Is in a helicopter and is performed under IFR;
(ii)
Is a distance of at least 100 nautical miles along
airways or ATC-directed routing with one segment of
the flight consisting of at least a straight-line
distance of 50 nautical miles between airports;
(iii) Involves an instrument approach at each
airport; and
(iv)
Involves three different kinds of approaches with
the use of navigation systems.
(3)
For an instrument powered-lift course:
Instrument training time from a certificated flight
instructor with an instrument rating on the approved
areas of operation in paragraph (d) of this section
including at least one cross-country flight that—
(i)
Is in a powered-lift and is performed under IFR;
(ii)
Is a distance of at least 250 nautical miles along
airways or ATC-directed routing with one segment of
the flight consisting of at least a straight-line
distance of 100 nautical miles between airports;
(iii) Involves an instrument approach at each
airport; and
(iv)
Involves three different kinds of approaches with
the use of navigation systems.
(d)
Each approved course must include the flight
training on the approved areas of operation listed
in this paragraph appropriate to the instrument
aircraft category and class rating for which the
course applies:
(1)
Preflight preparation;
(2)
Preflight procedures;
(3)
Air traffic control clearances and procedures;
(4)
Flight by reference to instruments;
(5)
Navigation systems;
(6)
Instrument approach procedures;
(7)
Emergency operations; and
(8)
Post-flight procedures.
5.
Stage checks and end-of-course tests. Each
student enrolled in an instrument rating course must
satisfactorily accomplish the stage checks and
end-of-course tests, in accordance with the school's
approved training course, consisting of the approved
areas of operation listed in paragraph (d) of
section No. 4 of this appendix that are appropriate
to the aircraft category and class rating for which
the course applies.
1.
Applicability. This appendix prescribes the
minimum curriculum for a commercial pilot
certification course required under this part, for
the following ratings:
(a)
Airplane single-engine.
(b)
Airplane multiengine.
(c)
Rotorcraft helicopter.
(d)
Rotorcraft gyroplane.
(e)
Powered-lift.
(f)
Glider.
(g)
Lighter-than-air airship.
(h)
Lighter-than-air balloon.
2.
Eligibility for enrollment. A person must
hold the following prior to enrolling in the flight
portion of the commercial pilot certification
course:
(a)
At least a private pilot certificate; and
(b)
If the course is for a rating in an airplane or a
powered-lift category, then the person must:
(1)
Hold an instrument rating in the aircraft that is
appropriate to the aircraft category rating for
which the course applies; or
(2)
Be concurrently enrolled in an instrument rating
course that is appropriate to the aircraft category
rating for which the course applies, and pass the
required instrument rating practical test prior to
completing the commercial pilot certification
course.
3.
Aeronautical knowledge training. (a) Each
approved course must include at least the following
ground training on the aeronautical knowledge areas
listed in paragraph (b) of this section, appropriate
to the aircraft category and class rating for which
the course applies:
(1)
35 hours of training if the course is for an
airplane category rating or a powered-lift category
rating.
(2)
65 hours of training if the course is for a
lighter-than-air category with an airship class
rating.
(3)
30 hours of training if the course is for a
roto-craft category rating.
(4)
20 hours of training if the course is for a glider
category rating.
(5)
20 hours of training if the course is for
lighter-than-air category with a balloon class
rating.
(b)
Ground training must include the following
aeronautical knowledge areas:
(1)
AFRO-CAA Regulations that apply to commercial pilot
privileges, limitations, and flight operations;
(2)
Accident reporting requirements of the National
Transportation Safety Board;
(3)
Basic aerodynamics and the principles of flight;
(4)
Meteorology, to include recognition of critical
weather situations, windshear recognition and
avoidance, and the use of aeronautical weather
reports and forecasts;
(5)
Safe and efficient operation of aircraft;
(6)
Weight and balance computations;
(7)
Use of performance charts;
(8)
Significance and effects of exceeding aircraft
performance limitations;
(9)
Use of aeronautical charts and a magnetic compass
for pilotage and dead reckoning;
(10)
Use of air navigation facilities;
(11)
Aeronautical decision making and judgment;
(12)
Principles and functions of aircraft systems;
(13)
Maneuvers, procedures, and emergency operations
appropriate to the aircraft;
(14)
Night and high-altitude operations;
(15)
Descriptions of and procedures for operating within
the National Airspace System; and
(16)
Procedures for flight and ground training for
lighter-than-air ratings.
4.
Flight training. (a) Each approved course
must include at least the following flight training,
as provided in this section and section No. 5 of
this appendix, on the approved areas of operation
listed in paragraph (d) of this section that are
appropriate to the aircraft category and class
rating for which the course applies:
(1)
120 hours of training if the course is for an
airplane or powered-lift rating.
(2)
155 hours of training if the course is for an
airship rating.
(3)
115 hours of training if the course is for a
roto-craft rating.
(4)
6 hours of training if the course is for a glider
rating.
(5)
10 hours of training and 8 training flights if the
course is for a balloon rating.
(b)
Each approved course must include at least the
following flight training:
(1)
For an airplane single-engine course: 55
hours of flight training from a certificated flight
instructor on the approved areas of operation listed
in paragraph (d)(1) of this section that includes at
least—
(i)
5 hours of instrument training in a single-engine
airplane;
(ii)
10 hours of training in a single-engine airplane
that has retractable landing gear, flaps, and a
controllable pitch propeller, or is turbine-powered;
(iii) One cross-country flight in a single-engine
airplane of at least a 2-hour duration, a total
straight-line distance of more than 100 nautical
miles from the original point of departure, and
occurring in day VFR conditions;
(iv)
One cross-country flight in a single-engine airplane
of at least a 2-hour duration, a total straight-line
distance of more than 100 nautical miles from the
original point of departure, and occurring in night
VFR conditions; and
(v)
3 hours in a single-engine airplane in preparation
for the practical test within 60 days preceding the
date of the test.
(2)
For an airplane multiengine course: 55 hours
of flight training from a certificated flight
instructor on the approved areas of operation listed
in paragraph (d)(2) of this section that includes at
least—
(i)
5 hours of instrument training in a multiengine
airplane;
(ii)
10 hours of training in a multiengine airplane that
has retractable landing gear, flaps, and a
controllable pitch propeller, or is turbine-powered;
(iii) One cross-country flight in a multiengine
airplane of at least a 2-hour duration, a total
straight-line distance of more than 100 nautical
miles from the original point of departure, and
occurring in day VFR conditions;
(iv)
One cross-country flight in a multiengine airplane
of at least a 2-hour duration, a total straight-line
distance of more than 100 nautical miles from the
original point of departure, and occurring in night
VFR conditions; and
(v)
3 hours in a multiengine airplane in preparation for
the practical test within 60 days preceding the date
of the test.
(3)
For a rotorcraft helicopter course: 30 hours
of flight training from a certificated flight
instructor on the approved areas of operation listed
in paragraph (d)(3) of this section that includes at
least—
(i)
5 hours of instrument training;
(ii)
One cross-country flight in a helicopter of at least
a 2-hour duration, a total straight-line distance of
more than 50 nautical miles from the original point
of departure and occurring in day VFR conditions;
(iii) One cross-country flight in a helicopter of at
least a 2-hour duration, a total straight-line
distance of more than 50 nautical miles from the
original point of departure, and occurring in night
VFR conditions; and
(iv)
3 hours in a helicopter in preparation for the
practical test within 60 days preceding the date of
the test.
(4)
For a rotorcraft gyroplane course: 30 hours
of flight training from a certificated flight
instructor on the approved areas of operation listed
in paragraph (d)(4) of this section that includes at
least—
(i)
5 hours of instrument training;
(ii)
One cross-country flight in a gyroplane of at least
a 2-hour duration, a total straight-line distance of
more than 50 nautical miles from the original point
of departure, and occurring in day VFR conditions;
(iii) One cross-country flight in a gyroplane of at
least a 2-hour duration, a total straight-line
distance of more than 50 nautical miles from the
original point of departure, and occurring in night
VFR conditions; and
(iv)
3 hours in a gyroplane in preparation for the
practical test within 60 days preceding the date of
the test.
(5)
For a powered-lift course: 55 hours of flight
training from a certificated flight instructor on
the approved areas of operation listed in paragraph
(d)(5) of this section that includes at least—
(i)
5 hours of instrument training in a powered-lift;
(ii)
One cross-country flight in a powered-lift of at
least a 2-hour duration, a total straight-line
distance of more than 100 nautical miles from the
original point of departure, and occurring in day
VFR conditions;
(iii) One cross-country flight in a powered-lift of
at least a 2-hour duration, a total straight-line
distance of more than 100 nautical miles from the
original point of departure, and occurring in night
VFR conditions; and
(iv)
3 hours in a powered-lift in preparation for the
practical test within 60 days preceding the date of
the test.
(6)
For a glider course: 4 hours of flight
training from a certificated flight instructor on
the approved areas of operation in paragraph (d)(6)
of this section, that includes at least—
(i)
Five training flights in a glider with a
certificated flight instructor on the launch/tow
procedures approved for the course and on the
appropriate approved areas of operation listed in
paragraph (d)(6) of this section; and
(ii)
Three training flights in a glider with a
certificated flight instructor in preparation for
the practical test within 60 days preceding the date
of the test.
(7)
For a lighter-than-air airship course: 55
hours of flight training in airships from a
commercial pilot with an airship rating on the
approved areas of operation in paragraph (d)(7) of
this section that includes at least—
(i)
3 hours of instrument training in an airship;
(ii)
One cross-country flight in an airship of at least a
1-hour duration, a total straight-line distance of
more than 25 nautical miles from the original point
of departure, and occurring in day VFR conditions;
and
(iii) One cross-country flight in an airship of at
least a 1-hour duration, a total straight-line
distance of more than 25 nautical miles from the
original point of departure, and occurring in night
VFR conditions; and
(iv)
3 hours in an airship, in preparation for the
practical test within 60 days preceding the date of
the test.
(8)
For a lighter-than-air balloon course: Flight
training from a commercial pilot with a balloon
rating on the approved areas of operation in
paragraph (d)(8) of this section that includes at
least—
(i)
If the course involves training in a gas balloon:
(A)
Two flights of 1 hour each;
(B)
One flight involving a controlled ascent to at least
5,000 feet above the launch site; and
(C)
Two flights in preparation for the practical test
within 60 days preceding the date of the test.
(ii)
If the course involves training in a balloon with an
airborne heater:
(A)
Two flights of 30 minutes each;
(B)
One flight involving a controlled ascent to at least
3,000 feet above the launch site; and
(C)
Two flights in preparation for the practical test
within 60 days preceding the date of the test.
(c)
For the use of flight simulators or flight training
devices:
(1)
The course may include training in a flight
simulator or flight training device, provided it is
representative of the aircraft for which the course
is approved, meets the requirements of this
paragraph, and is given by an authorized instructor.
(2)
Training in a flight simulator that meets the
requirements of 141.41(a) of this part may be
credited for a maximum of 30 percent of the total
flight training hour requirements of the approved
course, or of this section, whichever is less.
(3)
Training in a flight training device that meets the
requirements of 141.41(b) of this part may be
credited for a maximum of 20 percent of the total
flight training hour requirements of the approved
course, or of this section, whichever is less.
(4)
Training in the flight training devices described in
paragraphs (c)(2) and (c)(3) of this section, if
used in combination, may be credited for a maximum
of 30 percent of the total flight training hour
requirements of the approved course, or of this
section, whichever is less. However, credit for
training in a flight training device that meets the
requirements of 141.41(b) cannot exceed the
limitation provided for in paragraph (c)(3) of this
section.
(d)
Each approved course must include the flight
training on the approved areas of operation listed
in this paragraph that are appropriate to the
aircraft category and class rating—
(1)
For an airplane single-engine course: (i)
Preflight preparation;
(ii)
Preflight procedures;
(iii) Airport and seaplane base operations;
(iv)
Take-offs, landings, and go-arounds;
(v) Performance maneuvers;
(vi) Navigation;
(vii) Slow flight and stalls;
(viii) Emergency operations;
(ix)
High-altitude operations; and
(x)
Post-flight procedures.
(2)
For an airplane multiengine course: (i)
Preflight preparation;
(ii)
Preflight procedures;
(iii) Airport and seaplane base operations;
(iv)
Take-offs, landings, and go-arounds;
(v) Performance maneuvers;
(vi) Navigation;
(vii) Slow flight and stalls;
(viii) Emergency operations;
(ix)
Multiengine operations;
(x)
High-altitude operations; and
(xi)
Post-flight procedures.
(3)
For a rotorcraft helicopter course: (i)
Preflight preparation;
(ii)
Preflight procedures;
(iii) Airport and heliport operations;
(iv)
Hovering maneuvers;
(v)
Take-offs, landings, and go-arounds;
(vi) Performance maneuvers;
(vii) Navigation;
(viii) Emergency operations;
(ix)
Special operations; and
(x)
Post-flight procedures.
(4)
For a rotorcraft gyroplane course: (i)
Preflight preparation;
(ii)
Preflight procedures;
(iii) Airport operations;
(iv)
Take-offs, landings, and go-arounds;
(v) Performance maneuvers;
(vi) Navigation;
(vii) Flight at slow airspeeds;
(viii) Emergency operations; and
(ix)
Post-flight procedures.
(5)
For a powered-lift course: (i) Preflight
preparation;
(ii)
Preflight procedures;
(iii) Airport and heliport operations;
(iv)
Hovering maneuvers;
(v)
Take-offs, landings, and go-arounds;
(vi) Performance maneuvers;
(vii) Navigation;
(viii) Slow flight and stalls;
(ix)
Emergency operations;
(x)
High altitude operations;
(xi)
Special operations; and
(xii) Post-flight procedures.
(6)
For a glider course: (i) Preflight
preparation;
(ii)
Preflight procedures;
(iii) Airport and gliderport operations;
(iv)
Launches/tows, as appropriate, and landings;
(v)
Performance speeds;
(vi)
Soaring techniques;
(vii) Performance maneuvers;
(viii) Navigation;
(ix)
Slow flight and stalls;
(x)
Emergency operations; and
(xi)
Post-flight procedures.
(7)
For a lighter-than-air airship course: (i)
Fundamentals of instructing;
(ii)
Technical subjects;
(iii) Preflight preparation;
(iv)
Preflight lessons on a maneuver to be performed in
flight;
(v)
Preflight procedures;
(vi)
Airport operations;
(vii) Take-offs, landings, and go-arounds;
(viii) Performance maneuvers;
(ix) Navigation;
(x)
Emergency operations; and
(xi)
Post-flight procedures.
(8)
For a lighter-than-air balloon course: (i)
Fundamentals of instructing;
(ii)
Technical subjects;
(iii) Preflight preparation;
(iv)
Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be performed in
flight;
(v)
Preflight procedures;
(vi)
Airport operations;
(vii) Launches and landings;
(viii) Performance maneuvers;
(ix)
Navigation;
(x)
Emergency operations; and
(xi)
Post-flight procedures.
5.
Solo training. Each approved course must
include at least the following solo flight training:
(a)
For an airplane single-engine course: 10
hours of solo flight training in a single-engine
airplane on the approved areas of operation in
paragraph (d)(1) of section No. 4 of this appendix
that includes at least—
(1)
One cross-country flight, if the training is being
performed on any AFRO-CAA member State Island, with
landings at a minimum of three points, and one of
the segments consisting of a straight-line distance
of at least 150 nautical miles;
(2)
One cross-country flight, if the training is being
performed on any AFRO-CAA member State Island, with
landings at a minimum of three points, and one
segment of the flight consisting of a straight-line
distance of at least 250 nautical miles; and
(3)
5 hours in night VFR conditions with 10 take-offs
and 10 landings (with each landing involving a
flight with a traffic pattern) at an airport with an
operating control tower.
(b)
For an airplane multiengine course: 10 hours
of flight training in a multiengine airplane
performing the duties of pilot in command while
under the supervision of a certificated flight
instructor. The training must consist of the
approved areas of operation in paragraph (d)(2) of
section No. 4 of this appendix, and include at
least—
(1)
One cross-country flight, if the training is being
performed on any AFRO-CAA member State Island, with
landings at a minimum of three points, and one of
the segments consisting of a straight-line distance
of at least 150 nautical miles;
(2)
One cross-country flight, if the training is being
performed in a State other than an AFRO-CAA member
State Island, with landings at a minimum of three
points and one segment of the flight consisting of
straight-line distance of at least 250 nautical
miles; and
(3)
5 hours in night VFR conditions with 10 take-offs
and 10 landings (with each landing involving a
flight with a traffic pattern) at an airport with an
operating control tower.
(c)
For a rotorcraft helicopter course: 10 hours
of solo flight training in a helicopter on the
approved areas of operation in paragraph (d)(3) of
section No. 4 of this appendix that includes at
least—
(1)
One cross-country flight with landings at a minimum
of three points and one segment of the flight
consisting of a straight-line distance of at least
50 nautical miles from the original point of
departure; and
(2)
5 hours in night VFR conditions with 10 take-offs
and 10 landings (with each landing involving a
flight with a traffic pattern) at an airport with an
operating control tower.
(d)
For a rotorcraft-gyroplane course: 10 hours
of solo flight training in a gyroplane on the
approved areas of operation in paragraph (d)(4) of
section No. 4 of this appendix that includes at
least—
(1)
One cross-country flight with landings at a minimum
of three points, and one segment of the flight
consisting of a straight-line distance of at least
50 nautical miles from the original point of
departure; and
(2)
5 hours in night VFR conditions with 10 take-offs
and 10 landings (with each landing involving a
flight with a traffic pattern) at an airport with an
operating control tower.
(e)
For a powered-lift course: 10 hours of solo
flight training in a powered-lift on the approved
areas of operation in paragraph (d)(5) of section
No. 4 of this appendix that includes at least—
(1)
One cross-country flight, if the training is being
performed on any AFRO-CAA member State Island, with
landings at a minimum of three points, and one
segment of the flight consisting of a straight-line
distance of at least 150 nautical miles;
(2)
One cross-country flight, if the training is being
performed on any AFRO-CAA member State Island, with
landings at a minimum of three points, and one
segment of the flight consisting of a straight-line
distance of at least 250 nautical miles; and
(3)
5 hours in night VFR conditions with 10 take-offs
and 10 landings (with each landing involving a
flight with a traffic pattern) at an airport with an
operating control tower.
(f)
For a glider course: 5 solo flights in a
glider on the approved areas of operation in
paragraph (d)(6) of section No. 4 of this appendix.
(g)
For a lighter-than-air airship course: 10
hours of flight training in an airship performing
the duties of pilot in command while under the
supervision of a commercial pilot with an airship
rating. The training must consist of the approved
areas of operation in paragraph (d)(7) of section
No. 4 of this appendix and include at least—
(1)
One cross-country flight with landings at a minimum
of three points, and one segment of the flight
consisting of a straight-line distance of at least
25 nautical miles from the original point of
departure; and
(2)
5 hours in night VFR conditions with 10 take-offs
and 10 landings (with each landing involving a
flight with a traffic pattern).
(h)
For a lighter-than-air balloon course: Two
solo flights if the course is for a hot air balloon
rating, or, if the course is for a gas balloon
rating, at least two flights in a gas balloon, while
performing the duties of pilot in command under the
supervision of a commercial pilot with a balloon
rating. The training shall consist of the approved
areas of operation in paragraph (d)(8) of section
No. 4 of this appendix, in the kind of balloon for
which the course applies.
6.
Stage checks and end-of-course tests. (a)
Each student enrolled in a commercial pilot course
must satisfactorily accomplish the stage checks and
end-of-course tests, in accordance with the school's
approved training course, consisting of the approved
areas of operation listed in paragraph (d) of
section No. 4 of this appendix that are appropriate
to aircraft category and class rating for which the
course applies.
(b)
Each student must demonstrate satisfactory
proficiency prior to receiving an endorsement to
operate an aircraft in solo flight.
1.
Applicability. This appendix prescribes the
minimum curriculum for an airline transport pilot
certification course under this part, for the
following ratings:
(a)
Airplane single-engine.
(b)
Airplane multiengine.
(c)
Rotorcraft helicopter.
(d)
Powered-lift.
2.
Eligibility for enrollment. Prior to
enrolling in the flight portion of the airline
transport pilot certification course, a person must:
(a)
Meet the aeronautical experience requirements
prescribed in subpart G of part 61 of this chapter
for an airline transport pilot certificate that is
appropriate to the aircraft category and class
rating for which the course applies;
(b)
Hold at least a commercial pilot certificate and an
instrument rating;
(c)
Meet the military experience requirements under
61.73 of this chapter to qualify for a commercial
pilot certificate and an instrument rating, if the
person is a rated military pilot or former rated
military pilot of an Armed Force of the AFRO-CAA
member States; or
(d)
Hold either a foreign airline transport pilot
license or foreign commercial pilot license and an
instrument rating, if the person holds a pilot
license issued by a contracting State to the
Convention on International Civil Aviation.
3.
Aeronautical knowledge areas. (a) Each
approved course must include at least 40 hours of
ground training on the aeronautical knowledge areas
listed in paragraph (b) of this section, appropriate
to the aircraft category and class rating for which
the course applies.
(b)
Ground training must include the following
aeronautical knowledge areas:
(1)
Applicable AFRO-CAA Regulations of this chapter that
relate to airline transport pilot privileges,
limitations, and flight operations;
(2)
Meteorology, including knowledge of and effects of
fronts, frontal characteristics, cloud formations,
icing, and upper-air data;
(3)
General system of weather and NOTAM collection,
dissemination, interpretation, and use;
(4)
Interpretation and use of weather charts, maps,
forecasts, sequence reports, abbreviations, and
symbols;
(5)
National Weather Service functions as they pertain
to operations in the National Airspace System;
(6)
Windshear and microburst awareness, identification,
and avoidance;
(7)
Principles of air navigation under instrument
meteorological conditions in the National Airspace
System;
(8)
Air traffic control procedures and pilot
responsibilities as they relate to en route
operations, terminal area and radar operations, and
instrument departure and approach procedures;
(9)
Aircraft loading; weight and balance; use of charts,
graphs, tables, formulas, and computations; and the
effects on aircraft performance;
(10)
Aerodynamics relating to an aircraft's flight
characteristics and performance in normal and
abnormal flight regimes;
(11)
Human factors;
(12)
Aeronautical decision making and judgment; and
(13)
Crew resource management to include crew
communication and coordination.
4.
Flight training. (a) Each approved course
must include at least 25 hours of flight training on
the approved areas of operation listed in paragraph
(c) of this section appropriate to the aircraft
category and class rating for which the course
applies. At least 15 hours of this flight training
must be instrument flight training.
(b)
For the use of flight simulators or flight training
devices—
(1)
The course may include training in a flight
simulator or flight training device, provided it is
representative of the aircraft for which the course
is approved, meets the requirements of this
paragraph, and the training is given by an
authorized instructor.
(2)
Training in a flight simulator that meets the
requirements of 141.41(a) of this part may be
credited for a maximum of 50 percent of the total
flight training hour requirements of the approved
course, or of this section, whichever is less.
(3)
Training in a flight training device that meets the
requirements of 141.41(b) of this part may be
credited for a maximum of 25 percent of the total
flight training hour requirements of the approved
course, or of this section, whichever is less.
(4)
Training in flight simulators or flight training
devices described in paragraphs (b)(2) and (b)(3) of
this section, if used in combination, may be
credited for a maximum of 50 percent of the total
flight training hour requirements of the approved
course, or of this section, whichever is less.
However, credit for training in a flight training
device that meets the requirements of 141.41(b)
cannot exceed the limitation provided for in
paragraph (b)(3) of this section.
(c)
Each approved course must include flight training on
the approved areas of operation listed in this
paragraph appropriate to the aircraft category and
class rating for which the course applies:
(1)
Preflight preparation;
(2)
Preflight procedures;
(3)
Take-off and departure phase;
(4)
In-flight maneuvers;
(5)
Instrument procedures;
(6)
Landings and approaches to landings;
(7)
Normal and abnormal procedures;
(8)
Emergency procedures; and
(9)
Post-flight procedures.
5.
Stage checks and end-of-course tests. (a)
Each student enrolled in an airline transport pilot
course must satisfactorily accomplish the stage
checks and end-of-course tests, in accordance with
the school's approved training course, consisting of
the approved areas of operation listed in paragraph
(c) of section No. 4 of this appendix that are
appropriate to the aircraft category and class
rating for which the course applies.
(b)
Each student must demonstrate satisfactory
proficiency prior to receiving an endorsement to
operate an aircraft in solo flight.
1.
Applicability. This appendix prescribes the
minimum curriculum for a flight instructor
certification course and an additional flight
instructor rating course required under this part,
for the following ratings:
(a)
Airplane single-engine.
(b)
Airplane multiengine.
(c)
Rotorcraft helicopter.
(d)
Rotorcraft gyroplane.
(e)
Powered-lift.
(f)
Glider category.
2.
Eligibility for enrollment. A person must
hold the following prior to enrolling in the flight
portion of the flight instructor or additional
flight instructor rating course:
(a)
A commercial pilot certificate or an airline
transport pilot certificate, with an aircraft
category and class rating appropriate to the flight
instructor rating for which the course applies; and
(b)
An instrument rating or privilege in an aircraft
that is appropriate to the aircraft category and
class rating for which the course applies, if the
course is for a flight instructor airplane or
powered-lift instrument rating.
3.
Aeronautical knowledge training. (a) Each
approved course must include at least the following
ground training in the aeronautical knowledge areas
listed in paragraph (b) of this section:
(1)
40 hours of training if the course is for an initial
issuance of a flight instructor certificate; or
(2)
20 hours of training if the course is for an
additional flight instructor rating.
(b)
Ground training must include the following
aeronautical knowledge areas:
(1)
The fundamentals of instructing including—
(i)
The learning process;
(ii)
Elements of effective teaching;
(iii) Student evaluation and testing;
(iv)
Course development;
(v)
Lesson planning; and
(vi)
Classroom training techniques.
(2)
The aeronautical knowledge areas in which training
is required for—
(i)
A recreational, private, and commercial pilot
certificate that is appropriate to the aircraft
category and class rating for which the course
applies; and
(ii)
An instrument rating that is appropriate to the
aircraft category and class rating for which the
course applies, if the course is for an airplane or
powered-lift aircraft rating.
(c)
A student who satisfactorily completes 2 years of
study on the principles of education at a college or
university may be credited with no more than 20
hours of the training required in paragraph (a)(1)
of this section.
4.
Flight training. (a) Each approved course
must include at least the following flight training
on the approved areas of operation of paragraph (c)
of this section appropriate to the flight instructor
rating for which the course applies:
(1)
25 hours, if the course is for an airplane,
rotorcraft, or powered-lift rating; and
(2)
10 hours, which must include 10 flights, if the
course is for a glider category rating.
(b)
For the use of flight simulators or flight training
devices:
(1)
The course may include training in a flight
simulator or flight training device, provided it is
representative of the aircraft for which the course
is approved, meets the requirements of this
paragraph, and the training is given by an
authorized instructor.
(2)
Training in a flight simulator that meets the
requirements of 141.41(a) of this part, may be
credited for a maximum of 10 percent of the total
flight training hour requirements of the approved
course, or of this section, whichever is less.
(3)
Training in a flight training device that meets the
requirements of 141.41(b) of this part, may be
credited for a maximum of 5 percent of the total
flight training hour requirements of the approved
course, or of this section, whichever is less.
(4)
Training in flight simulators or flight training
devices described in paragraphs (b)(2) and (b)(3) of
this section, if used in combination, may be
credited for a maximum of 10 percent of the total
flight training hour requirements of the approved
course, or of this section, whichever is less.
However, credit for training in a flight training
device that meets the requirements of 141.41(b)
cannot exceed the limitation provided for in
paragraph (b)(3) of this section.
(c)
Each approved course must include flight training on
the approved areas of operation listed in this
paragraph that are appropriate to the aircraft
category and class rating for which the course
applies—
(1)
For an airplane—single-engine course: (i)
Fundamentals of instructing;
(ii)
Technical subject areas;
(iii) Preflight preparation;
(iv)
Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be performed in
flight;
(v)
Preflight procedures;
(vi)
Airport and seaplane base operations;
(vii) Take-offs, landings, and go-arounds;
(viii) Fundamentals of flight;
(ix)
Performance maneuvers;
(x)
Ground reference maneuvers;
(xi)
Slow flight, stalls, and spins;
(xii) Basic instrument maneuvers;
(xiii) Emergency operations; and
(xiv) Post-flight procedures.
(2)
For an airplane—multiengine course: (i)
Fundamentals of instructing;
(ii)
Technical subject areas;
(iii) Preflight preparation;
(iv)
Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be performed in
flight;
(v)
Preflight procedures;
(vi)
Airport and seaplane base operations;
(vii) Take-offs, landings, and go-arounds;
(viii) Fundamentals of flight;
(ix)
Performance maneuvers;
(x)
Ground reference maneuvers;
(xi)
Slow flight and stalls;
(xii) Basic instrument maneuvers;
(xiii) Emergency operations;
(xiv) Multiengine operations; and
(xv)
Post-flight procedures.
(3)
For a rotorcraft—helicopter course: (i)
Fundamentals of instructing;
(ii)
Technical subject areas;
(iii) Preflight preparation;
(iv)
Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be performed in
flight;
(v)
Preflight procedures;
(vi)
Airport and heliport operations;
(vii) Hovering maneuvers;
(viii) Take-offs, landings, and go-arounds;
(ix)
Fundamentals of flight;
(x)
Performance maneuvers;
(xi)
Emergency operations;
(xii) Special operations; and
(xiii) Post-flight procedures.
(4)
For a rotorcraft—gyroplane course: (i)
Fundamentals of instructing;
(ii)
Technical subject areas;
(iii) Preflight preparation;
(iv)
Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be performed in
flight;
(v)
Preflight procedures;
(vi)
Airport operations;
(vii) Take-offs, landings, and go-arounds;
(viii) Fundamentals of flight;
(ix)
Performance maneuvers;
(x)
Flight at slow airspeeds;
(xi)
Ground reference maneuvers;
(xii) Emergency operations; and
(xiii) Post-flight procedures.
(5)
For a powered-lift course: (i) Fundamentals
of instructing;
(ii)
Technical subject areas;
(iii) Preflight preparation;
(iv)
Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be performed in
flight;
(v)
Preflight procedures;
(vi)
Airport and heliport operations;
(vii) Hovering maneuvers;
(viii) Take-offs, landings, and go-arounds;
(ix)
Fundamentals of flight;
(x)
Performance maneuvers;
(xi)
Ground reference maneuvers;
(xii) Slow flight and stalls;
(xiii) Basic instrument maneuvers;
(xiv) Emergency operations;
(xv)
Special operations; and
(xvi) Post-flight procedures.
(6)
For a glider course: (i) Fundamentals of
instructing;
(ii)
Technical subject areas;
(iii) Preflight preparation;
(iv)
Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be performed in
flight;
(v)
Preflight procedures;
(vi)
Airport and gliderport operations;
(vii) Tows or launches, landings, and go-arounds, if
applicable;
(viii) Fundamentals of flight;
(ix)
Performance speeds;
(x)
Soaring techniques;
(xi)
Performance maneuvers;
(xii) Slow flight, stalls, and spins;
(xiii) Emergency operations; and
(xiv) Post-flight procedures.
5.
Stage checks and end-of-course tests. (a)
Each student enrolled in a flight instructor course
must satisfactorily accomplish the stage checks and
end-of-course tests, in accordance with the school's
approved training course, consisting of the
appropriate approved areas of operation listed in
paragraph (c) of section No. 4 of this appendix
appropriate to the flight instructor rating for
which the course applies.
(b)
In the case of a student who is enrolled in a flight
instructor-airplane rating or flight
instructor-glider rating course, that student must
have:
(1)
Received a logbook endorsement from a certificated
flight instructor certifying the student received
ground and flight training on stall awareness, spin
entry, spins, and spin recovery procedures in an
aircraft that is certificated for spins and is
appropriate to the rating sought; and
(2)
Demonstrated instructional proficiency in stall
awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin recovery
procedures.
1.
Applicability. This appendix prescribes the
minimum curriculum for a flight instructor
instrument certification course required under this
part, for the following ratings:
(a)
Flight Instructor Instrument—Airplane.
(b)
Flight Instructor Instrument—Helicopter.
(c)
Flight Instructor Instrument—Powered-lift aircraft.
2.
Eligibility for enrollment. A person must
hold the following prior to enrolling in the flight
portion of the flight instructor instrument course:
(a)
A commercial pilot certificate or airline transport
pilot certificate with an aircraft category and
class rating appropriate to the flight instructor
category and class rating for which the course
applies; and
(b)
An instrument rating or privilege on that flight
instructor applicant's pilot certificate that is
appropriate to the flight instructor instrument
rating (for an airplane-, helicopter-, or
powered-lift-instrument rating, as appropriate) for
which the course applies.
3.
Aeronautical knowledge training. (a) Each
approved course must include at least 15 hours of
ground training on the aeronautical knowledge areas
listed in paragraph (b) of this section, appropriate
to the flight instructor instrument rating (for an
airplane-, helicopter-, or powered-lift-instrument
rating, as appropriate) for which the course
applies:
(b)
Ground training must include the following
aeronautical knowledge areas:
(1)
The fundamentals of instructing including:
(i)
The learning process;
(ii)
Elements of effective teaching;
(iii) Student evaluation and testing;
(iv)
Course development;
(v)
Lesson planning; and
(vi)
Classroom training techniques.
(2)
The aeronautical knowledge areas in which training
is required for an instrument rating that is
appropriate to the aircraft category and class
rating for the course which applies.
4.
Flight training. (a) Each approved course
must include at least 15 hours of flight training in
the approved areas of operation of paragraph (c) of
this section appropriate to the flight instructor
rating for which the course applies.
(b)
For the use of flight simulators or flight training
devices:
(1)
The course may include training in a flight
simulator or flight training device, provided it is
representative of the aircraft for which the course
is approved for, meets requirements of this
paragraph, and the training is given by an
instructor.
(2)
Training in a flight simulator that meets the
requirements of 141.41(a) of this part, may be
credited for a maximum of 10 percent of the total
flight training hour requirements of the approved
course, or of this section, whichever is less.
(3)
Training in a flight training device that meets the
requirements of 141.41(b) of this part, may be
credited for a maximum of 5 percent of the total
flight training hour requirements of the approved
course, or of this section, whichever is less.
(4)
Training in flight simulators or flight training
devices described in paragraphs (b)(2) and (b)(3) of
this section, if used in combination, may be
credited for a maximum of 10 percent of the total
flight training hour requirements of the approved
course, or of this section, whichever is less.
However, credit for training in a flight training
device that meets the requirements of 141.41(b)
cannot exceed the limitation provided for in
paragraph (b)(3) of this section.
(c)
An approved course for the flight
instructor-instrument rating must include flight
training on the following approved areas of
operation that are appropriate to the
instrument-aircraft category and class rating for
which the course applies:
(1)
Fundamentals of instructing;
(2)
Technical subject areas;
(3)
Preflight preparation;
(4)
Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be performed in
flight;
(5)
Air traffic control clearances and procedures;
(6)
Flight by reference to instruments;
(7)
Navigation systems;
(8)
Instrument approach procedures;
(9)
Emergency operations; and
(10)
Post-flight procedures.
5.
Stage checks and end-of-course tests. Each
student enrolled in a flight instructor instrument
course must satisfactorily accomplish the stage
checks and end-of-course tests, in accordance with
the school's approved training course, consisting of
the approved areas of operation listed in paragraph
(c) of section No. 4 of this appendix that are
appropriate to the flight instructor instrument
rating (for an airplane-, helicopter-, or
powered-lift-instrument rating, as appropriate) for
which the course applies.
1.
Applicability. This appendix prescribes the
minimum curriculum for a ground instructor
certification course and an additional ground
instructor rating course, required under this part,
for the following ratings:
(a)
Ground Instructor—Basic.
(b)
Ground Instructor—Advanced.
(c)
Ground Instructor—Instrument.
2.
Aeronautical knowledge training. (a) Each
approved course must include at least the following
ground training on the knowledge areas listed in
paragraphs (b), (c), (d), and (e) of this section,
appropriate to the ground instructor rating for
which the course applies:
(1)
20 hours of training if the course is for an initial
issuance of a ground instructor certificate; or
(2)
10 hours of training if the course is for an
additional ground instructor rating.
(b)
Ground training must include the following
aeronautical knowledge areas:
(1)
Learning process;
(2)
Elements of effective teaching;
(3)
Student evaluation and testing;
(4)
Course development;
(5)
Lesson planning; and
(6)
Classroom training techniques.
(c)
Ground training for a basic ground instructor
certificate must include the aeronautical knowledge
areas applicable to a recreational and private
pilot.
(d)
Ground training for an advanced ground instructor
rating must include the aeronautical knowledge areas
applicable to a recreational, private, commercial,
and airline transport pilot.
(e)
Ground training for an instrument ground instructor
rating must include the aeronautical knowledge areas
applicable to an instrument rating.
(f)
A student who satisfactorily completed 2 years of
study on the principles of education at a college or
university may be credited with 10 hours of the
training required in paragraph (a)(1) of this
section.
3.
Stage checks and end-of-course tests. Each
student enrolled in a ground instructor course must
satisfactorily accomplish the stage checks and
end-of-course tests, in accordance with the school's
approved training course, consisting of the approved
knowledge areas in paragraph (b), (c), (d), and (e)
of section No. 2 of this appendix appropriate to the
ground instructor rating for which the course
applies.
1.
Applicability. This appendix prescribes the
minimum curriculum for an additional aircraft
category rating course or an additional aircraft
class rating course required under this part, for
the following ratings:
(a)
Airplane single-engine.
(b)
Airplane multiengine.
(c)
Rotorcraft helicopter.
(d)
Rotorcraft gyroplane.
(e)
Powered-lift.
(f)
Glider.
(g)
Lighter-than-air airship.
(h)
Lighter-than-air balloon.
2.
Eligibility for enrollment. A person must
hold the level of pilot certificate for the
additional aircraft category and class rating for
which the course applies prior to enrolling in the
flight portion of an additional aircraft category or
additional aircraft class rating course.
3.
Aeronautical knowledge training. Each
approved course for an additional aircraft category
rating and additional aircraft class rating must
include ground training time requirements and ground
training on the aeronautical knowledge areas that
are specific to that aircraft category and class
rating and pilot certificate level for which the
course applies as required in appendix A, B, D, or E
of this part, as appropriate.
4.
Flight training. (a) Each approved course for
an additional aircraft category rating or additional
aircraft class rating must include the flight
training time requirements and flight training on
the areas of operation that are specific to that
aircraft category and class rating and pilot
certificate level for which the course applies as
required in appendix A, B, D, or E of this part, as
appropriate.
(b)
For the use of flight simulators or flight training
devices:
(1)
The course may include training in a flight
simulator or flight training device, provided it is
representative of the aircraft for which the course
is approved, meets the requirements of this
paragraph, and the training is given by an
authorized instructor.
(2)
Training in a flight simulator that meets the
requirements of 141.41(a) of this part may be
credited for a maximum of 30 percent of the total
flight training hour requirements of the approved
course, or of this section, whichever is less.
(3)
Training in a flight training device that meets the
requirements of 141.41(b) of this part may be
credited for a maximum of 20 percent of the total
flight training hour requirements of the approved
course, or of this section, whichever is less.
(4)
Training in the flight simulators or flight training
devices described in paragraphs (b)(2) and (b)(3) of
this section, if used in combination, may be
credited for a maximum of 30 percent of the total
flight training hour requirements of the approved
course, or of this section, whichever is less.
However, credit for training in a flight training
device that meets the requirements of 141.41(b)
cannot exceed the limitation provided for in
paragraph (c)(3) of this section.
5.
Stage checks and end-of-course tests. (a)
Each student enrolled in an additional aircraft
category rating course or an additional aircraft
class rating course must satisfactorily accomplish
the stage checks and end-of-course tests, in
accordance with the school's approved training
course, consisting of the approved areas of
operation in section No. 4 of this appendix that are
appropriate to the aircraft category and class
rating for which the course applies at the
appropriate pilot certificate level.
(b)
Each student must demonstrate satisfactory
proficiency prior to receiving an endorsement to
operate an aircraft in solo flight.
1.
Applicability. This appendix prescribes the
minimum curriculum for an aircraft type rating
course other than an airline transport pilot
certificate, for:
(a)
A type rating in an airplane category—single-engine
class.
(b)
A type rating in an airplane category—multiengine
class.
(c)
A type rating in a rotorcraft category—helicopter
class.
(d)
A type rating in a powered-lift category.
(e)
Other aircraft type ratings specified by the
Administrator through the aircraft type certificate
procedures.
2.
Eligibility for enrollment. Prior to
enrolling in the flight portion of an aircraft type
rating course, a person must hold at least a private
pilot certificate and:
(a)
An instrument rating in the category and class of
aircraft that is appropriate to the aircraft type
rating for which the course applies, provided the
aircraft's type certificate does not have a VFR
limitation; or
(b)
Be concurrently enrolled in an instrument rating
course in the category and class of aircraft that is
appropriate to the aircraft type rating for which
the course applies, and pass the required instrument
rating practical test concurrently with the aircraft
type rating practical test.
3.
Aeronautical knowledge training. (a) Each
approved course must include at least 10 hours of
ground training on the aeronautical knowledge areas
listed in paragraph (b) of this section, appropriate
to the aircraft type rating for which the course
applies.
(b)
Ground training must include the following
aeronautical areas:
(1)
Proper control of airspeed, configuration,
direction, altitude, and attitude in accordance with
procedures and limitations contained in the
aircraft's flight manual, checklists, or other
approved material appropriate to the aircraft type;
(2)
Compliance with approved en route, instrument
approach, missed approach, ATC, or other applicable
procedures that apply to the aircraft type;
(3)
Subjects requiring a practical knowledge of the
aircraft type and its powerplant, systems,
components, operational, and performance factors;
(4)
The aircraft's normal, abnormal, and emergency
procedures, and the operations and limitations
relating thereto;
(5)
Appropriate provisions of the approved aircraft's
flight manual;
(6)
Location of and purpose for inspecting each item on
the aircraft's checklist that relates to the
exterior and interior preflight; and
(7)
Use of the aircraft's pre-start checklist,
appropriate control system checks, starting
procedures, radio and electronic equipment checks,
and the selection of proper navigation and
communication radio facilities and frequencies.
4.
Flight training. (a) Each approved course
must include at least:
(1)
Flight training on the approved areas of operation
of paragraph (c) of this section in the aircraft
type for which the course applies; and
(2)
10 hours of training of which at least 5 hours must
be instrument training in the aircraft for which the
course applies.
(b)
For the use of flight simulators or flight training
devices:
(1)
The course may include training in a flight
simulator or flight training device, provided it is
representative of the aircraft for which the course
is approved, meets requirements of this paragraph,
and the training is given by an authorized
instructor.
(2)
Training in a flight simulator that meets the
requirements of 141.41(a) of this part, may be
credited for a maximum of 50 percent of the total
flight training hour requirements of the approved
course, or of this section, whichever is less.
(3)
Training in a flight training device that meets the
requirements of 141.41(b) of this part, may be
credited for a maximum of 25 percent of the total
flight training hour requirements of the approved
course, or of this section, whichever is less.
(4)
Training in the flight simulators or flight training
devices described in paragraphs (b)(2) and (b)(3) of
this section, if used in combination, may be
credited for a maximum of 50 percent of the total
flight training hour requirements of the approved
course, or of this section, whichever is less.
However, credit training in a flight training device
that meets the requirements of 141.41(b) cannot
exceed the limitation provided for in paragraph
(b)(3) of this section.
(c)
Each approved course must include the flight
training on the areas of operation listed in this
paragraph, that are appropriate to the aircraft
category and class rating for which the course
applies:
(1)
A type rating for an airplane—single-engine
course: (i) Preflight preparation;
(ii)
Preflight procedures;
(iii) Take-off and departure phase;
(iv)
In-flight maneuvers;
(v)
Instrument procedures;
(vi)
Landings and approaches to landings;
(vii) Normal and abnormal procedures;
(viii) Emergency procedures; and
(ix)
Post-flight procedures.
(2)
A type rating for an airplane—multiengine course:
(i) Preflight preparation;
(ii)
Preflight procedures;
(iii) Take-off and departure phase;
(iv)
In-flight maneuvers;
(v)
Instrument procedures;
(vi)
Landings and approaches to landings;
(vii) Normal and abnormal procedures;
(viii) Emergency procedures; and
(ix)
Post-flight procedures.
(3)
A type rating for a powered-lift course: (i)
Preflight preparation;
(ii)
Preflight procedures;
(iii) Take-off and departure phase;
(iv)
In-flight maneuvers;
(v)
Instrument procedures;
(vi)
Landings and approaches to landings;
(vii) Normal and abnormal procedures;
(viii) Emergency procedures; and
(ix)
Post-flight procedures.
(4)
A type rating for a rotorcraft—helicopter course:
(i) Preflight preparation;
(ii)
Preflight procedures;
(iii) Take-off and departure phase;
(iv)
In-flight maneuvers;
(v)
Instrument procedures;
(vi)
Landings and approaches to landings;
(vii) Normal and abnormal procedures;
(viii) Emergency procedures; and
(ix)
Post-flight procedures.
(5)
Other aircraft type ratings specified by the
Administrator through aircraft type certificate
procedures: (i) Preflight preparation;
(ii)
Preflight procedures;
(iii) Take-off and departure phase;
(iv)
In-flight maneuvers;
(v)
Instrument procedures;
(vi)
Landings and approaches to landings;
(vii) Normal and abnormal procedures;
(viii) Emergency procedures; and
(ix)
Post-flight procedures.
5.
Stage checks and end-of-course tests. (a)
Each student enrolled in an aircraft type rating
course must satisfactorily accomplish the stage
checks and end-of-course tests, in accordance with
the school's approved training course, consisting of
the approved areas of operation that are appropriate
to the aircraft type rating for which the course
applies at the airline transport pilot certificate
level; and
(b)
Each student must demonstrate satisfactory
proficiency prior to receiving an endorsement to
operate an aircraft in solo flight.
1.
Applicability. This appendix prescribes the
minimum curriculum for the special preparation
courses that are listed in §141.11 of this part.
2.
Eligibility for enrollment. Prior to
enrolling in the flight portion of a special
preparation course, a person must hold a pilot
certificate, flight instructor certificate, or
ground instructor certificate that is appropriate
for the exercise of the operating privileges or
authorizations sought.
3.
General requirements. (a) To be approved, a
special preparation course must:
(1)
Meet the appropriate requirements of this appendix;
and
(2)
Prepare the graduate with the necessary skills,
competency, and proficiency to exercise safely the
privileges of the certificate, rating, or
authorization for which the course is established.
(b)
An approved special preparation course must include
ground and flight training on the operating
privileges or authorization sought, for developing
competency, proficiency, resourcefulness,
self-confidence, and self-reliance in the student.
4.
Use of flight simulators or flight training
devices. (a) The approved special preparation
course may include training in a flight simulator or
flight training device, provided it is
representative of the aircraft for which the course
is approved, meets requirements of this paragraph,
and the training is given by an authorized
instructor.
(b)
Training in a flight simulator that meets the
requirements of 141.41(a) of this part, may be
credited for a maximum of 10 percent of the total
flight training hour requirements of the approved
course, or of this section, whichever is less.
(c)
Training in a flight training device that meets the
requirements of 141.41(b) of this part, may be
credited for a maximum of 5 percent of the total
flight training hour requirements of the approved
course, or of this section, whichever is less.
(d)
Training in the flight simulators or flight training
devices described in paragraphs (b) and (c) of this
section, if used in combination, may be credited for
a maximum of 10 percent of the total flight training
hour requirements of the approved course, or of this
section, whichever is less. However, credit for
training in a flight training device that meets the
requirements of 141.41(b) cannot exceed the
limitation provided for in paragraph (c) of this
section.
5.
Stage check and end-of-course tests. Each
person enrolled in a special preparation course must
satisfactorily accomplish the stage checks and
end-of-course tests, in accordance with the school's
approved training course, consisting of the approved
areas of operation that are appropriate to the
operating privileges or authorization sought, and
for which the course applies.
6.
Agricultural aircraft operations course. An
approved special preparation course for pilots in
agricultural aircraft operations must include at
least the following—
(a)
25 hours of training on:
(1)
Agricultural aircraft operations;
(2)
Safe piloting and operating practices and procedures
for handling, dispensing, and disposing agricultural
and industrial chemicals, including operating in and
around congested areas; and
(3)
Applicable provisions of part 137 of this chapter.
(b)
15 hours of flight training on agricultural aircraft
operations.
7.
Rotorcraft external-load operations course.
An approved special preparation course for pilots of
external-load operations must include at least the
following—
(a)
10 hours of training on:
(1)
Rotorcraft external-load operations;
(2)
Safe piloting and operating practices and procedures
for external-load operations, including operating in
and around congested areas; and
(3)
Applicable provisions of part 133 of this chapter.
(b)
15 hours of flight training on external-load
operations.
8.
Test pilot course. An approved special
preparation course for pilots in test pilot duties
must include at least the following—
(a)
Aeronautical knowledge training on:
(1)
Performing aircraft maintenance, quality assurance,
and certification test flight operations;
(2)
Safe piloting and operating practices and procedures
for performing aircraft maintenance, quality
assurance, and certification test flight operations;
(3)
Applicable parts of this chapter that pertain to
aircraft maintenance, quality assurance, and
certification tests; and
(4)
Test pilot duties and responsibilities.
(b)
15 hours of flight training on test pilot duties and
responsibilities.
9.
Special operations course. An approved
special preparation course for pilots in special
operations that are mission-specific for certain
aircraft must include at least the following—
(a)
Aeronautical knowledge training on:
(1)
Performing that special flight operation;
(2)
Safe piloting operating practices and procedures for
performing that special flight operation;
(3)
Applicable parts of this chapter that pertain to
that special flight operation; and
(4)
Pilot in command duties and responsibilities for
performing that special flight operation.
(b)
Flight training:
(1)
On that special flight operation; and
(2)
To develop skills, competency, proficiency,
resourcefulness, self-confidence, and self-reliance
in the student for performing that special flight
operation in a safe manner.
10.
Pilot refresher course. An approved special
preparation pilot refresher course for a pilot
certificate, aircraft category and class rating, or
an instrument rating must include at least the
following—
(a)
4 hours of aeronautical knowledge training on:
(1)
The aeronautical knowledge areas that are applicable
to the level of pilot certificate, aircraft category
and class rating, or instrument rating, as
appropriate, that pertain to that course;
(2)
Safe piloting operating practices and procedures;
and
(3)
Applicable provisions of parts 61 and 91 of this
chapter for pilots.
(b)
6 hours of flight training on the approved areas of
operation that are applicable to the level of pilot
certificate, aircraft category and class rating, or
instrument rating, as appropriate, for performing
pilot-in-command duties and responsibilities.
11.
Flight instructor refresher course. An
approved special preparation flight instructor
refresher course must include at least a combined
total of 16 hours of aeronautical knowledge
training, flight training, or any combination of
ground and flight training on the following—
(a)
Aeronautical knowledge training on:
(1)
The aeronautical knowledge areas of part 61 of this
chapter that apply to student, recreational,
private, and commercial pilot certificates and
instrument ratings;
(2)
The aeronautical knowledge areas of part 61 of this
chapter that apply to flight instructor
certificates;
(3)
Safe piloting operating practices and procedures,
including airport operations and operating in the
National Airspace System; and
(4)
Applicable provisions of parts 61 and 91 of this
chapter that apply to pilots and flight instructors.
(b)
Flight training to review:
(1)
The approved areas of operations applicable to
student, recreational, private, and commercial pilot
certificates and instrument ratings; and
(2)
The skills, competency, and proficiency for
performing flight instructor duties and
responsibilities.
12.
Ground instructor refresher course. An
approved special preparation ground instructor
refresher course must include at least 16 hours of
aeronautical knowledge training on:
(a)
The aeronautical knowledge areas of part 61 of this
chapter that apply to student, recreational,
private, and commercial pilots and instrument rated
pilots;
(b)
The aeronautical knowledge areas of part 61 of this
chapter that apply to ground instructors;
(c)
Safe piloting operating practices and procedures,
including airport operations and operating in the
National Airspace System; and
(d)
Applicable provisions of parts 61 and 91 of this
chapter that apply to pilots and ground instructors.
1.
Applicability. This appendix prescribes the
minimum curriculum for a pilot ground school course
required under this part.
2.
General requirements. An approved course of
training for a pilot ground school must include
training on the aeronautical knowledge areas that
are:
(a)
Needed to safely exercise the privileges of the
certificate, rating, or authority for which the
course is established; and
(b)
Conducted to develop competency, proficiency,
resourcefulness, self-confidence, and self-reliance
in each student.
3.
Aeronautical knowledge training requirements.
Each approved pilot ground school course must
include:
(a)
The aeronautical knowledge training that is
appropriate to the aircraft rating and pilot
certificate level for which the course applies; and
(b)
An adequate number of total aeronautical knowledge
training hours appropriate to the aircraft rating
and pilot certificate level for which the course
applies.
4.
Stage checks and end-of-course tests. Each
person enrolled in a pilot ground school course must
satisfactorily accomplish the stage checks and
end-of-course tests, in accordance with the school's
approved training course, consisting of the approved
areas of operation that are appropriate to the
operating privileges or authorization that
graduation from the course will permit and for which
the course applies.
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