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Editorial Note:
For the text of SACAR No. 89, see part 121 of this
chapter.
Special AFRO-CAA
Aviation Regulation No. 97
Editorial Note:
For the text of SACAR No. 97, see part 91 of this
chapter.
Special AFRO-CAA
Aviation Regulation No. 106
Editorial Note:
For the text of SACAR No. 106, see part 121 of
this chapter.
Subpart A—General
(a)
Except as provided in paragraphs (b), (c) and (d) of
this section, this part prescribes rules governing
the operations of AFRO-CAA member State-registered
civil airplanes which have a seating configuration
of 20 or more passengers or a maximum payload
capacity of 6,000 pounds or more when common
carriage is not involved.
(b)
The rules of this part do not apply to the
operations of airplanes specified in paragraph (a)
of this section, when—
(1)
They are required to be operated under part 121,
129, 135, or 137 of this chapter;
(2)
They have been issued restricted, limited, or
provisional airworthiness certificates, special
flight permits, or experimental certificates;
(3)
They are being operated by a part 125 certificate
holder without carrying passengers or cargo under
part 91 for training, ferrying, positioning, or
maintenance purposes;
(4)
They are being operated under part 91 by an operator
certificated to operate those airplanes under the
rules of parts 121, 135, or 137 of this chapter,
they are being operated under the applicable rules
of part 121 or part 135 of this chapter by an
applicant for a certificate under part 119 of this
chapter or they are being operated by a foreign air
carrier or a foreign person engaged in common
carriage solely outside the AFRO-CAA member States
under part 91 of this chapter;
(5)
They are being operated under a deviation authority
issued under 125.3;
(6)
They are being operated under part 91, subpart K by
a fractional owner as defined in 91.1001 of this
chapter; or
(7)
They are being operated by a fractional ownership
program manager as defined in 91.1001 of this
chapter, for training, ferrying, positioning,
maintenance, or demonstration purposes under part 91
of this chapter and without carrying passengers or
cargo for compensation or hire except as permitted
for demonstration flights under 91.501(b)(3) of this
chapter.
(c)
The rules of this part, except 125.247, do not apply
to the operation of airplanes specified in paragraph
(a) when they are operated outside the AFRO-CAA
member States by a person who is not a citizen of
the AFRO-CAA member States.
(d)
The provisions of this part apply to each person on
board an aircraft being operated under this part,
unless otherwise specified.
(e)
This part also establishes requirements for
operators to take actions to support the continued
airworthiness of each airplane.
(a)
The Administrator may, upon consideration of the
circumstances of a particular operation, issue
deviation authority providing relief from specified
sections of part 125. This deviation authority will
be issued as a Letter of Deviation Authority.
(b)
A Letter of Deviation Authority may be terminated or
amended at any time by the Administrator.
(c)
A request for deviation authority must be submitted
to the nearest Flight Standards District Office, not
less than 60 days prior to the date of intended
operations. A request for deviation authority must
contain a complete statement of the circumstances
and justification for the deviation requested.
(a)
No person may engage in operations governed by this
part unless that person holds a certificate and
operations specification or appropriate deviation
authority.
(b)
Applicants who file an application shall continue to
operate under the rules applicable to their
operations, until the application for an operating
certificate required by this part has been denied or
the operating certificate and operations
specifications required by this part have been
issued.
(c)
The rules of this part which apply to a certificate
holder also apply to any person who engages in any
operation governed by this part without an
appropriate certificate and operations
specifications required by this part or a Letter of
Deviation Authority issued under 125.3.
(a)
The certificate holder must display a true copy of
the certificate in each of its aircraft.
(b)
Each operator holding a Letter of Deviation
Authority issued under this part must carry a true
copy in each of its airplanes.
(a)
For the purposes of this part, maximum payload
capacity means:
(1)
For an airplane for which a maximum zero fuel weight
is prescribed in AFRO-CAA technical specifications,
the maximum zero fuel weight, less empty weight,
less all justifiable airplane equipment, and less
the operating load (consisting of minimum flight
crew, foods and beverages and supplies and equipment
related to foods and beverages, but not including
disposable fuel or oil):
(2)
For all other airplanes, the maximum certificated
take-off weight of an airplane, less the empty
weight, less all justifiable airplane equipment, and
less the operating load (consisting of minimum fuel
load, oil, and flight crew). The allowance for the
weight of the crew, oil, and fuel is as follows:
(i)
Crew—200 pounds for each crewmember required under
this chapter
(ii)
Oil—350 pounds.
(iii) Fuel—the minimum weight of fuel required under
this chapter for a flight between domestic points
174 nautical miles apart under VFR weather
conditions that does not involve extended over water
operations.
(b)
For the purposes of this part, empty weight
means the weight of the airframe, engines,
propellers, and fixed equipment. Empty weight
excludes the weight of the crew and payload, but
includes the weight of all fixed ballast, unusable
fuel supply, undrainable oil, total quantity of
engine coolant, and total quantity of hydraulic
fluid.
(c)
For the purposes of this part, maximum zero fuel
weight means the maximum permissible weight of
an airplane with no disposable fuel or oil. The zero
fuel weight figure may be found in either the
airplane type certificate data sheet or the approved
Airplane Flight Manual, or both.
(d)
For the purposes of this section, justifiable
airplane equipment means any equipment necessary
for the operation of the airplane. It does not
include equipment or ballast specifically installed,
permanently or otherwise, for the purpose of
altering the empty weight of an airplane to meet the
maximum payload capacity.
(a)
No person is eligible for a certificate or
operations specifications under this part if the
person holds the appropriate operating certificate
and/or operations specifications necessary to
conduct operations under part 121, 129 or 135 of
this chapter.
(b)
No certificate holder may conduct any operation
which results directly or indirectly from any
person's holding out to the public to furnish
transportation.
(c)
No person holding operations specifications under
this part may operate or list on its operations
specifications any aircraft listed on any operations
specifications or other required aircraft listing
under part 121, 129, or 135 of this chapter.
Subpart B—Certification Rules and Miscellaneous
Requirements
(a)
Each applicant for the issuance of an operating
certificate must submit an application in a form and
manner prescribed by the Administrator to the
AFRO-CAA Flight Standards district office in whose
area the applicant proposes to establish or has
established its principal operations base. The
application must be submitted at least 60 days
before the date of intended operations.
(b)
Each application submitted under paragraph (a) of
this section must contain a signed statement showing
the following:
(1)
The name and address of each AFRO-CAA and each
officer or person employed or who will be employed
in a management position described in 125.25.
(2)
A list of flight crewmembers with the type of airman
certificate held, including ratings and certificate
numbers.
Each
person operating an airplane in operations under
this part shall—
(a)
While operating inside the AFRO-CAA member States,
comply with the applicable rules in part 91 of this
chapter; and
(b)
While operating outside the AFRO-CAA member States,
comply with Annex 2, Rules of the Air, to the
Convention on International Civil Aviation or the
regulations of any foreign country, whichever
applies, and with any rules of parts 61 and 91 of
this chapter and this part that are more restrictive
than that Annex or those regulations and that can be
complied with without violating that Annex or those
regulations. Annex 2 is incorporated by reference in
91.703(b) of this chapter.
(a)
Each applicant for a certificate under this part
must show that it has enough management personnel,
including at least a AFRO-CAA of operations, to
assure that its operations are conducted in
accordance with the requirements of this part.
(b)
Each applicant shall—
(1)
Set forth the duties, responsibilities, and
authority of each of its management personnel in the
general policy section of its manual;
(2)
List in the manual the names and addresses of each
of its management personnel;
(3)
Designate a person as responsible for the scheduling
of inspections required by the manual and for the
updating of the approved weight and balance system
on all airplanes.
(c)
Each certificate holder shall notify the AFRO-CAA
Flight Standards district office charged with the
overall inspection of the certificate holder of any
change made in the assignment of persons to the
listed positions within 10 days, excluding
Saturdays, Sundays, and Federal holidays, of such
change.
(a)
An applicant for a certificate under this subpart is
entitled to a certificate if the Administrator finds
that the applicant is properly and adequately
equipped and able to conduct a safe operation in
accordance with the requirements of this part and
the operations specifications provided for in this
part.
(b)
The Administrator may deny an application for a
certificate under this subpart if the Administrator
finds—
(1)
That an operating certificate required under this
part or part 121, 123, or 135 of this chapter
previously issued to the applicant was revoked; or
(2)
That a person who was employed in a management
position under 125.25 of this part with (or has
exercised control with respect to) any certificate
holder under part 121, 123, 125, or 135 of this
chapter whose operating certificate has been
revoked, will be employed in any of those positions
or a similar position with the applicant and that
the person's employment or control contributed
materially to the reasons for revoking that
certificate.
(a)
A certificate issued under this part is effective
until surrendered, suspended, or revoked.
(b)
The Administrator may suspend or revoke a
certificate under section 609 of the Federal
Aviation Act of 1958 and the applicable procedures
of part 13 of this chapter for any cause that, at
the time of suspension or revocation, would have
been grounds for denying an application for a
certificate.
(c)
If the Administrator suspends or revokes a
certificate or it is otherwise terminated, the
holder of that certificate shall return it to the
Administrator.
(a)
Each certificate issued under this part contains the
following:
(1)
The holder's name.
(2)
A description of the operations authorized.
(3)
The date it is issued.
(b)
The operations specifications issued under this part
contain the following:
(1)
The kinds of operations authorized.
(2)
The types and registration numbers of airplanes
authorized for use.
(3)
Approval of the provisions of the operator's manual
relating to airplane inspections, together with
necessary conditions and limitations.
(4)
Registration numbers of airplanes that are to be
inspected under an approved airplane inspection
program under 125.247.
(5)
Procedures for control of weight and balance of
airplanes.
(6)
Any other item that the Administrator determines is
necessary to cover a particular situation.
Operations specifications are not a part of an
operating certificate.
(a)
The AFRO-CAA office charged with the overall
inspection of the certificate holder may amend any
operations specifications issued under this part if—
(1)
It determines that safety in air commerce requires
that amendment; or
(2)
Upon application by the holder, that district office
determines that safety in air commerce allows that
amendment.
(b)
The certificate holder must file an application to
amend operations specifications at least 15 days
before the date proposed by the applicant for the
amendment to become effective, unless a shorter
filing period is approved. The application must be
on a form and in a manner prescribed by the
Administrator and be submitted to the AFRO-CAA
office charged with the overall inspection of the
certificate holder.
(c)
Within 30 days after a notice of refusal to approve
a holder's application for amendment is received,
the holder may petition the AFRO-CAA, to reconsider
the refusal to amend.
(d)
When the AFRO-CAA office charged with the overall
inspection of the certificate holder amends
operations specifications, that district office
gives notice in writing to the holder of a proposed
amendment to the operations specifications, fixing a
period of not less than 7 days within which the
holder may submit written information, views, and
arguments concerning the proposed amendment. After
consideration of all relevant matter presented, that
district office notifies the holder of any amendment
adopted, or a rescission of the notice. That
amendment becomes effective not less than 30 days
after the holder receives notice of the adoption of
the amendment, unless the holder petitions the
AFRO-CAA, AFRO-CAA for reconsideration of the
amendment. In that case, the effective date of the
amendment is stayed pending a decision by AFRO-CAA.
If the AFRO-CAA finds there is an emergency
requiring immediate action as to safety in air
commerce that makes the provisions of this paragraph
impracticable or contrary to the public interest,
the AFRO-CAA notifies the certificate holder that
the amendment is effective on the date of receipt,
without previous notice.
(a)
Each flight crewmember and flight attendant must be
relieved from all duty for at least 8 consecutive
hours during any 24-hour period.
(b)
The Administrator may specify rest, flight time, and
duty time limitations in the operations
specifications that are other than those specified
in paragraph (a) of this section.
If
the holder of a certificate issued under this part
permits any airplane owned or leased by that holder
to be engaged in any operation that the certificate
holder knows to be in violation of 91.19(a) of this
chapter, that operation is a basis for suspending or
revoking the certificate.
Each
certificate holder shall make its operating
certificate and operations specifications available
for inspection by the Administrator at its principal
operations base.
(a)
Each certificate holder shall keep each of its
employees informed of the provisions of its
operations specifications that apply to the
employee's duties and responsibilities.
(b)
Each certificate holder shall maintain a complete
and separate set of its operations specifications.
In addition, each certificate holder shall insert
pertinent excerpts of its operations specifications,
or reference thereto, in its manual in such a manner
that they retain their identity as operations
specifications.
Each
certificate holder shall allow the Administrator, at
any time or place, to make any inspections or tests
to determine its compliance with the Regulations,
its operating certificate and operations
specifications, its letter of deviation authority,
or its eligibililty to continue to hold its
certificate or its letter of deviation authority.
Each
certificate holder shall notify the AFRO-CAA office
charged with the overall inspection of its
operations, in writing, at least 30 days in advance,
of any change in the address of its principal
business office, its principal operations base, or
its principal maintenance base.
(a)
No certificate holder may use any airport unless it
is adequate for the proposed operation, considering
such items as size, surface, obstructions, and
lighting.
(b)
No pilot of an airplane carrying passengers at night
may take off from, or land on, an airport unless—
(1)
That pilot has determined the wind direction from an
illuminated wind direction indicator or local ground
communications, or, in the case of takeoff, that
pilot's personal observations; and
(2)
The limits of the area to be used for landing or
takeoff are clearly shown by boundary or runway
marker lights.
(c)
For the purposes of paragraph (b) of this section,
if the area to be used for takeoff or landing is
marked by flare pots or lanterns, their use must be
approved by the Administrator.
(a)
Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section,
no certificate holder may conduct any operation over
a route (including to any destination, refueling or
alternate airports) unless suitable navigation aids
are available over the route to navigate the
airplane along the route within the degree of
accuracy required for ATC. Navigation aids required
for routes outside of controlled airspace are listed
in the certificate holder's operations
specifications except for those aids required for
routes to alternate airports.
(b)
Navigation aids are not required for any of the
following operations—
(1)
Day VFR operations that the certificate holder shows
can be conducted safely by pilotage because of the
characteristics of the terrain;
(2)
Night VFR operations on routes that the certificate
holder shows have reliably lighted landmarks
adequate for safe operations; and
(3)
Other operations approved by the certificate holding
district office.
(a)
Each certificate holder must have procedures
established for locating each flight for which an
AFRO-CAA flight plan is not filed that—
(1)
Provide the certificate holder with at least the
information required to be included in a VFR flight
plan;
(2)
Provide for timely notification of an AFRO-CAA
facility or search and rescue facility, if an
airplane is overdue or missing; and
(3)
Provide the certificate holder with the location,
date, and estimated time for reestablishing radio or
telephone communications, if the flight will operate
in an area where communications cannot be
maintained.
(b)
Flight locating information shall be retained at the
certificate holder's principal operations base, or
at other places designated by the certificate holder
in the flight locating procedures, until the
completion of the flight.
(c)
Each certificate holder shall furnish the
representative of the Administrator assigned to it
with a copy of its flight locating procedures and
any changes or additions, unless those procedures
are included in a manual required under this part.
(a)
Each certificate holder shall prepare and keep
current a manual setting forth the certificate
holder's procedures and policies acceptable to the
Administrator. This manual must be used by the
certificate holder's flight, ground, and maintenance
personnel in conducting its operations. However, the
Administrator may authorize a deviation from this
paragraph if the Administrator finds that, because
of the limited size of the operation, all or part of
the manual is not necessary for guidance of flight,
ground, or maintenance personnel.
(b)
Each certificate holder shall maintain at least one
copy of the manual at its principal operations base.
(c)
The manual must not be contrary to any applicable
regulations, foreign regulation applicable to the
certificate holder's operations in foreign
countries, or the certificate holder's operating
certificate or operations specifications.
(d)
A copy of the manual, or appropriate portions of the
manual (and changes and additions) shall be made
available to maintenance and ground operations
personnel by the certificate holder and furnished
to—
(1)
Its flight crewmembers; and
(2)
The AFRO-CAA office charged with the overall
inspection of its operations.
(e)
Each employee of the certificate holder to whom a
manual or appropriate portions of it are furnished
under paragraph (d)(1) of this section shall keep it
up to date with the changes and additions furnished
to them.
(f)
For the purpose of complying with paragraph (d) of
this section, a certificate holder may furnish the
persons listed therein with the maintenance part of
its manual in printed form or other form, acceptable
to the Administrator, that is retrievable in the
English, French or Arabic language. If the
certificate holder furnishes the maintenance part of
the manual in other than printed form, it must
ensure there is a compatible reading device
available to those persons that provides a legible
image of the maintenance information and
instructions or a system that is able to retrieve
the maintenance information and instructions in the
English language.
(g)
If a certificate holder conducts airplane
inspections or maintenance at specified stations
where it keeps the approved inspection program
manual, it is not required to carry the manual
aboard the airplane en route to those stations.
Each
manual shall have the date of the last revision and
revision number on each revised page. The manual
must include—
(a)
The name of each management person who is authorized
to act for the certificate holder, the person's
assigned area of responsibility, and the person's
duties, responsibilities, and authority;
(b)
Procedures for ensuring compliance with airplane
weight and balance limitations;
(c)
Copies of the certificate holder's operations
specifications or appropriate extracted information,
including area of operations authorized, category
and class of airplane authorized, crew complements,
and types of operations authorized;
(d)
Procedures for complying with accident notification
requirements;
(e)
Procedures for ensuring that the pilot in command
knows that required airworthiness inspections have
been made and that the airplane has been approved
for return to service in compliance with applicable
maintenance requirements;
(f)
Procedures for reporting and recording mechanical
irregularities that come to the attention of the
pilot in command before, during, and after
completion of a flight;
(g)
Procedures to be followed by the pilot in command
for determining that mechanical irregularities or
defects reported for previous flights have been
corrected or that correction has been deferred;
(h)
Procedures to be followed by the pilot in command to
obtain maintenance, preventive maintenance, and
servicing of the airplane at a place where previous
arrangements have not been made by the operator,
when the pilot is authorized to so act for the
operator;
(i)
Procedures for the release for, or continuation of,
flight if any item of equipment required for the
particular type of operation becomes inoperative or
unserviceable en route;
(j)
Procedures for refueling airplanes, eliminating fuel
contamination, protecting from fire (including
electrostatic protection), and supervising and
protecting passengers during refueling;
(k)
Procedures to be followed by the pilot in command in
the briefing under 125.327;
(l)
Flight locating procedures, when applicable;
(m)
Procedures for ensuring compliance with emergency
procedures, including a list of the functions
assigned each category of required crewmembers in
connection with an emergency and emergency
evacuation;
(n)
The approved airplane inspection program;
(o)
Procedures and instructions to enable personnel to
recognize hazardous materials, as defined in title
49 CFR, and if these materials are to be carried,
stored, or handled, procedures and instructions for—
(1)
Accepting shipment of hazardous material required by
title 49 CFR, to assure proper packaging, marking,
labeling, shipping documents, compatibility of
articles, and instructions on their loading,
storage, and handling;
(2)
Notification and reporting hazardous material
incidents as required by title 49 CFR; and
(3)
Notification of the pilot in command when there are
hazardous materials aboard, as required by title 49
CFR;
(p)
Procedures for the evacuation of persons who may
need the assistance of another person to move
expeditiously to an exit if an emergency occurs;
(q)
The identity of each person who will administer
tests required by this part, including the
designation of the tests authorized to be given by
the person; and
(r)
Other procedures and policy instructions regarding
the certificate holder's operations that are issued
by the certificate holder.
(a)
Each certificate holder shall keep a current
approved Airplane Flight Manual or approved
equivalent for each type airplane that it operates.
(b)
Each certificate holder shall carry the approved
Airplane Flight Manual or the approved equivalent
aboard each airplane it operates. A certificate
holder may elect to carry a combination of the
manuals required by this section and 125.71. If it
so elects, the certificate holder may revise the
operating procedures sections and modify the
presentation of performance from the applicable
Airplane Flight Manual if the revised operating
procedures and modified performance data
presentation are approved by the Administrator.
Subpart D—Airplane
Requirements
(a)
No certificate holder may operate an airplane
governed by this part unless it—
(1)
Carries an appropriate current airworthiness
certificate issued under this chapter; and
(2)
Is in an airworthy condition and meets the
applicable airworthiness requirements of this
chapter, including those relating to identification
and equipment.
(b)
No person may operate an airplane unless the current
empty weight and center of gravity are calculated
from the values established by actual weighing of
the airplane within the preceding 36 calendar
months.
(c)
Paragraph (b) of this section does not apply to
airplanes issued an original airworthiness
certificate within the preceding 36 calendar months.
No
certificate holder may operate a land airplane
(other than a DC–3, C–46, CV–240, CV–340, CV–440,
CV–580, CV–600, CV–640, or Martin 404) in an
extended overwater operation unless it is
certificated or approved as adequate for ditching
under the ditching provisions of part 25 of this
chapter.
(a)
Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section,
no certificate holder may use an airplane powered by
airplane engines rated at more than 600 horsepower
each for maximum continuous operation unless that
airplane meets the requirements of 125.113 through
125.181.
(b)
If the Administrator determines that, for a
particular model of airplane used in cargo service,
literal compliance with any requirement under
paragraph (a) of this section would be extremely
difficult and that compliance would not contribute
materially to the objective sought, the
Administrator may require compliance with only those
requirements that are necessary to accomplish the
basic objectives of this part.
(c)
This section does not apply to any airplane
certificated under—
(1)
Part 25 of this chapter; or
(2)
Special Civil Air Regulation 422, 422A, or 422B.
(a)
Upon the first major overhaul of an airplane cabin
or refurbishing of the cabin interior, all materials
in each compartment used by the crew or passengers
that do not meet the following requirements must be
replaced with materials that meet these
requirements:
(1)
For an airplane for which the application for the
type certificate was filed.
(2)
For an airplane for which the application for the
type certificate was filed on or after May 1, 1972,
the materials requirement under which the airplane
was type certificated.
(b)
Except as provided in paragraph (a) of this section,
each compartment used by the crew or passengers must
meet the following requirements:
(1)
Materials must be at least flash resistant.
(2)
The wall and ceiling linings and the covering of
upholstering, floors, and furnishings must be flame
resistant.
(3)
Each compartment where smoking is to be allowed must
be equipped with self-contained ash trays that are
completely removable and other compartments must be
placarded against smoking.
(4)
Each receptacle for used towels, papers, and wastes
must be of fire-resistant material and must have a
cover or other means of containing possible fires
started in the receptacles.
(c)
Thermal/acoustic insulation materials. For transport
category airplanes type certificated after January
1, 1958:
(1)
For airplanes manufactured, the insulation must meet
the flame propagation requirements of 25.856 of this
chapter if it is:
(i)
of a blanket construction or
(ii)
Installed around air ducting.
In
any case where internal doors are equipped with
louvres or other ventilating means, there must be a
means convenient to the crew for closing the flow of
air through the door when necessary.
Each
passenger or crew compartment must be suitably
ventilated. Carbon monoxide concentration may not be
more than one part in 20,000 parts of air, and fuel
fumes may not be present. In any case where
partitions between compartments have louvres or
other means allowing air to flow between
compartments, there must be a means convenient to
the crew for closing the flow of air through the
partitions when necessary.
(a)
Each compartment must be designed so that, when used
for storing cargo or baggage, it meets the following
requirements:
(1)
No compartment may include controls, wiring, lines,
equipment, or accessories that would upon damage or
failure, affect the safe operation of the airplane
unless the item is adequately shielded, isolated, or
otherwise protected so that it cannot be damaged by
movement of cargo in the compartment and so that
damage to or failure of the item would not create a
fire hazard in the compartment.
(2)
Cargo or baggage may not interfere with the
functioning of the fire-protective features of the
compartment.
(3)
Materials used in the construction of the
compartments, including tie-down equipment, must be
at least flame resistant.
(4)
Each compartment must include provisions for
safeguarding against fires according to the
classifications set forth in paragraphs (b) through
(f) of this section.
(b)
Class A. Cargo and baggage compartments are
classified in the “A” category if a fire therein
would be readily discernible to a member of the crew
while at that crewmember's station, and all parts of
the compartment are easily accessible in flight.
There must be a hand fire extinguisher available for
each Class A compartment.
(c)
Class B. Cargo and baggage compartments are
classified in the “B” category if enough access is
provided while in flight to enable a member of the
crew to effectively reach all of the compartment and
its contents with a hand fire extinguisher and the
compartment is so designed that, when the access
provisions are being used, no hazardous amount of
smoke, flames, or extinguishing agent enters any
compartment occupied by the crew or passengers. Each
Class B compartment must comply with the following:
(1)
It must have a separate approved smoke or fire
detector system to give warning at the pilot or
flight engineer station.
(2)
There must be a hand-held fire extinguisher
available for the compartment.
(3)
It must be lined with fire-resistant material,
except that additional service lining of
flame-resistant material may be used.
(d)
Class C. Cargo and baggage compartments are
classified in the “C” category if they do not
conform with the requirements for the “A”, “B”, “D”,
or “E” categories. Each Class C compartment must
comply with the following:
(1)
It must have a separate approved smoke or fire
detector system to give warning at the pilot or
flight engineer station.
(2)
It must have an approved built-in fire-extinguishing
system controlled from the pilot or flight engineer
station.
(3)
It must be designed to exclude hazardous quantities
of smoke, flames, or extinguishing agents from
entering into any compartment occupied by the crew
or passengers.
(4)
It must have ventilation and draft control so that
the extinguishing agent provided can control any
fire that may start in the compartment.
(5)
It must be lined with fire-resistant material,
except that additional service lining of
flame-resistant material may be used.
(e)
Class D. Cargo and baggage compartments are
classified in the “D” category if they are so
designed and constructed that a fire occurring
therein will be completely confined without
endangering the safety of the airplane or the
occupants. Each Class D compartment must comply with
the following:
(1)
It must have a means to exclude hazardous quantities
of smoke, flames, or noxious gases from entering any
compartment occupied by the crew or passengers.
(2)
Ventilation and drafts must be controlled within
each compartment so that any fire likely to occur in
the compartment will not progress beyond safe
limits.
(3)
It must be completely lined with fire-resistant
material.
(4)
Consideration must be given to the effect of heat
within the compartment on adjacent critical parts of
the airplane.
(f)
Class E. On airplanes used for the carriage
of cargo only, the cabin area may be classified as a
Class “E” compartment. Each Class E compartment must
comply with the following:
(1)
It must be completely lined with fire-resistant
material.
(2)
It must have a separate system of an approved type
smoke or fire detector to give warning at the pilot
or flight engineer station.
(3)
It must have a means to shut off the ventilating air
flow to or within the compartment and the controls
for that means must be accessible to the flight crew
in the crew compartment.
(4)
It must have a means to exclude hazardous quantities
of smoke, flames, or noxious gases from entering the
flight crew compartment.
(5)
Required crew emergency exits must be accessible
under all cargo loading conditions.
Compliance with those provisions of 125.119 that
refer to compartment accessibility, the entry of
hazardous quantities of smoke or extinguishing agent
into compartment occupied by the crew or passengers,
and the dissipation of the extinguishing agent in
Class “C” compartments must be shown by tests in
flight. During these tests it must be shown that no
inadvertent operation of smoke or fire detectors in
other compartments within the airplane would occur
as a result of fire contained in any one
compartment, either during the time it is being
extinguished, or thereafter, unless the
extinguishing system floods those compartments
simultaneously.
If
combustible fluid is used for propeller deicing, the
certificate holder must comply with 125.153.
(a)
Pressure cross-feed lines may not pass through parts
of the airplane used for carrying persons or cargo
unless there is a means to allow crewmembers to shut
off the supply of fuel to these lines or the lines
are enclosed in a fuel and fume-proof enclosure that
is ventilated and drained to the exterior of the
airplane. However, such an enclosure need not be
used if those lines incorporate no fittings on or
within the personnel or cargo areas and are suitably
routed or protected to prevent accidental damage.
(b)
Lines that can be isolated from the rest of the fuel
system by valves at each end must incorporate
provisions for relieving excessive pressures that
may result from exposure of the isolated line to
high temperatures.
(a)
Fuel tanks must be located in accordance with
125.153.
(b)
No part of the engine nacelle skin that lies
immediately behind a major air outlet from the
engine compartment may be used as the wall of an
integral tank.
(c)
Fuel tanks must be isolated from personnel
compartments by means of fume- and fuel-proof
enclosures.
(a)
Fuel lines must be installed and supported so as to
prevent excessive vibration and so as to be adequate
to withstand loads due to fuel pressure and
accelerated flight conditions.
(b)
Lines connected to components of the airplane
between which there may be relative motion must
incorporate provisions for flexibility.
(c)
Flexible connections in lines that may be under
pressure and subject to axial loading must use
flexible hose assemblies rather than hose clamp
connections.
(d)
Flexible hoses must be of an acceptable type or
proven suitable for the particular application.
Fuel
lines and fittings in each designated fire zone must
comply with 125.157.
Each
fuel valve must—
(a)
Comply with 125.155;
(b)
Have positive stops or suitable index provisions in
the “on” and “off” positions; and
(c)
Be supported so that loads resulting from its
operation or from accelerated flight conditions are
not transmitted to the lines connected to the valve.
Oil
lines and fittings in each designated fire zone must
comply with 125.157.
(a)
Each oil valve must—
(1)
Comply with 125.155;
(2)
Have positive stops or suitable index provisions in
the “on” and “off” positions; and
(3)
Be supported so that loads resulting from its
operation or from accelerated flight conditions are
not transmitted to the lines attached to the valve.
(b)
The closing of an oil shutoff means must not prevent
feathering the propeller, unless equivalent safety
provisions are incorporated.
Accessible drains incorporating either a manual or
automatic means for positive locking in the closed
position must be provided to allow safe drainage of
the entire oil system.
125.141 Engine
breather lines.
(a)
Engine breather lines must be so arranged that
condensed water vapor that may freeze and obstruct
the line cannot accumulate at any point.
(b)
Engine breathers must discharge in a location that
does not constitute a fire hazard in case foaming
occurs and so that oil emitted from the line does
not impinge upon the pilots' windshield.
(c)
Engine breathers may not discharge into the engine
air induction system.
Each
engine, auxiliary power unit, fuel-burning heater,
or other item of combusting equipment that is
intended for operation in flight must be isolated
from the rest of the airplane by means of firewalls
or shrouds, or by other equivalent means.
Each
firewall and shroud must—
(a)
Be so made that no hazardous quantity of air,
fluids, or flame can pass from the engine
compartment to other parts of the airplane;
(b)
Have all openings in the firewall or shroud sealed
with close-fitting fireproof grommets, bushings, or
firewall fittings;
(c)
Be made of fireproof material; and
(d)
Be protected against corrosion.
(a)
Cowling must be made and supported so as to resist
the vibration, inertia, and air loads to which it
may be normally subjected.
(b)
Provisions must be made to allow rapid and complete
drainage of the cowling in normal ground and flight
attitudes. Drains must not discharge in locations
constituting a fire hazard. Parts of the cowling
that are subjected to high temperatures because they
are near exhaust system parts or because of exhaust
gas impingement must be made of fireproof material.
Unless otherwise specified in these regulations, all
other parts of the cowling must be made of material
that is at least fire resistant.
Unless equivalent protection can be shown by other
means, a diaphragm that complies with 125.145 must
be provided on air-cooled engines to isolate the
engine power section and all parts of the exhaust
system from the engine accessory compartment.
(a)
Designated fire zones must be protected from fire by
compliance with 125.153 through 125.159.
(b)
Designated fire zones are—
(1)
Engine accessory sections;
(2)
Installations where no isolation is provided between
the engine and accessory compartment; and
(3)
Areas that contain auxiliary power units,
fuel-burning heaters, and other combustion
equipment.
(a)
No tanks or reservoirs that are a part of a system
containing flammable fluids or gases may be located
in designated fire zones, except where the fluid
contained, the design of the system, the materials
used in the tank, the shutoff means, and the
connections, lines, and controls provide equivalent
safety.
(b)
At least one-half inch of clear airspace must be
provided between any tank or reservior and a
firewall or shroud isolating a designated fire zone.
(a)
Each engine must have a means for shutting off or
otherwise preventing hazardous amounts of fuel, oil,
deicer, and other flammable fluids from flowing
into, within, or through any designated fire zone.
However, means need not be provided to shut off flow
in lines that are an integral part of an engine.
(b)
The shutoff means must allow an emergency operating
sequence that is compatible with the emergency
operation of other equipment, such as feathering the
propeller, to facilitate rapid and effective control
of fires.
(c)
Shutoff means must be located outside of designated
fire zones, unless equivalent safety is provided,
and it must be shown that no hazardous amount of
flammable fluid will drain into any designated fire
zone after a shutoff.
(d)
Adequate provisions must be made to guard against
inadvertent operation of the shutoff means and to
make it possible for the crew to reopen the shutoff
means after it has been closed.
(a)
Each line, and its fittings, that is located in a
designated fire zone, if it carries flammable fluids
or gases under pressure, or is attached directly to
the engine, or is subject to relative motion between
components (except lines and fittings forming an
integral part of the engine), must be flexible and
fire-resistant with fire-resistant, factory-fixed,
detachable, or other approved fire-resistant ends.
(b)
Lines and fittings that are not subject to pressure
or to relative motion between components must be of
fire-resistant materials.
All
vent and drain lines, and their fittings, that are
located in a designated fire zone must, if they
carry flammable fluids or gases, comply with
125.157, if the Administrator finds that the rupture
or breakage of any vent or drain line may result in
a fire hazard.
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